Pathogen colonization inside tick tissues is a significant aspect of the overall competence vector. Amblyomma maculatum competent vector spotted fever group rickettsiae, Rickettsia parkeri. When R. parkeri colonizes its host, it has opportunity to dynamically interact with not just host but endosymbionts living within it, and this enables modulate tick's defenses by regulating gene expression. The microbiome in A. dominated two endosymbiont microbes: Francisella-like (FLE) Candidatus...

Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods and transmit a variety of medically important viral, bacterial, protozoan pathogens to animals humans. also harbor diverse community microbes linked their biological processes, such as hematophagy, hence affect vector competence. The interactions between bacterial and/or the tick microbiome is black-box, therefore we tested hypothesis that presence or pathogen will alter microbial composition within tick. Hence, this study was designed define two species,...

Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that transmit various bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens of public health significance. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is an aggressive human-biting transmits bacterial viral pathogens, its bites suspected eliciting the alpha-gal syndrome, a newly emerged delayed hypersensitivity following consumption red meat in United States. While ongoing studies have attempted to investigate contribution different tick-inherent factors induction...

Abstract As obligate blood‐sucking ectoparasites, to avoid tissue damage, ticks must neutralize the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from uptake and digestion of a bloodmeal. Consequently, utilize battery antioxidant molecules, including catalase (CAT), an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O ) into water oxygen. Here, we investigated tick machinery by exogenous injection sublethal doses H or paraquat. The relative transcript levels selected Amblyomma maculatum targets in...

Designing functionally efficient recombinant promoters having reduced sequence homology and enhanced promoter activity will be an important step toward successful stacking or pyramiding of genes in a plant cell for developing transgenic plants expressing desired traits(s). Also basic knowledge regarding specific expression transgene under control is crucial to assess the promoter's efficacy.We have constructed set 10 incorporating different up-stream activation sequences (UAS) Mirabilis...

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the env gene two different endogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV) loci, CFE-6 and CFE-16, domestic cats revealed following characteristics. (i) Both proviruses contain an open reading frame in region; (ii) whereas full complement exogenous FeLV is generally present DNA, it truncated CFE-16 DNA such that 5' half gp70 domain untranslated region 3' to p15E have been fused by internal deletion, resulting loss C-terminal gp70- all p15E-coding sequences; (iii)...

The nucleotide sequence of the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) three independent loci (CFE-6, CFE-16, and CF-14) endogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV) DNAs domestic cat genome was determined. 3' LTR CFE-6 clone also sequenced. FeLV LTRs, which were very similar to each other in organization functional domains, differed considerably from exogenous U3 region. major differences included variations sets small (14 19 base pair) direct repeats, altered location simian 40 core enhancer-like...

Ticks are the primary vectors of emerging and resurging pathogens public health significance worldwide. Analyzing tick bacterial composition, diversity, functionality across developmental stages tissues is crucial for designing new strategies to control ticks prevent tick-borne diseases.Here, we explored microbial communities timeline in different Gulf-Coast (Amblyomma maculatum). Using a high-throughput sequencing approach, influence blood meal Rickettsia parkeri, spotted fever group...

An important question in feline leukemia virus (FeLV) pathogenesis is whether, as murine infection, homologous recombination between the infecting FeLV and noninfectious endogenous FeLV-like proviruses serves a significant base for generation of proximal pathogens. To begin an analysis this issue, several recombinant FeLVs were produced by using two different approaches: (i) regions viral envelope (env) gene cloned (subgroup B [FeLV-B], Gardner-Arnstein strain) those proviral loci exchanged...

Abstract The Gulf Coast tick ( Amblyomma maculatum ) has evolved as a competent vector of the spotted‐fever group rickettsia, Rickettsia parkeri . In this study, functional role catalase, an enzyme responsible for degradation toxic hydrogen peroxide, in colonization by R. and transovarial transmission pathogen to next generation, was investigated. Catalase gene CAT expression midgut, salivary glands ovarian tissues exhibited 2–11‐fold increase transcription level upon infection. Depletion...

The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, inhabits the Southeastern states of USA bordering Mexico, and other Central South American countries. More recently, its U.S. range has extended West to Arizona Northeast New York state Connecticut. It is a vector Rickettsia parkeri Hepatozoon americanum. This tick species become model study tick/Rickettsia interactions. To increase our knowledge basic biology A. maculatum we report here draft genome this an extensive functional classification...

Tick selenoproteins are involved in regulating oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress during prolonged tick feeding on mammalian hosts. How activated upon tick-borne pathogen infection is yet to be defined. To examine the functional role of selenoprotein K Borrelia burgdorferi within host Ixodes scapularis, RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing was performed. Selenoprotein an (ER)-resident protein a component ERAD complex ER homeostasis. A qRT-PCR assay revealed significant...

Cloning of resistance gene analogues against diverse pathogens from variety plants in last decade has revealed that many them share high level conserved sequence motifs. The backbone amino acid motifs present Nucleotide Binding Site (NBS) domain makes it possible to isolate by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers. Oligo-nucleotide primers combinations target conserve motif NBS as mentioned earlier studies were used amplify Coffea arabica (S.288). PCR product amplified...

Abstract Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a subset of small noncoding RNAs and carry tremendous potential for regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They play pivotal roles in distinct cellular mechanisms including inhibition bacterial, parasitic, viral infections via immune response pathways. Intriguingly, pathogens have developed strategies to manipulate host’s miRNA profile, fostering environments conducive successful infection. Therefore, changes an...

The cyanobacteria are widely distributed over land and water, often an environment where no other vegetation can exist. They have a considerable increasing economic importance. fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is very energy intensive endeavor. nif genes responsible for the coding proteins related associated with into simpler form which easily utilized by plants. These fixing found in certain species cyanobacteria. Nitrogen depends on interaction between genes, host plant environment....

Oil is odorless compound of herbs and spices has been used for centuries to flavor preserve foods, medicines perfumes. There are many aromatic plant species in the Lamiaceae Apiaceae families. Edible oils produced Haryana its beneficial effects on human health. The most common crops include peanuts, mustard, sunflower seeds, sesame soyabeans, wheat (rice bran), sunfflower, cotton, flaxseeds, etc. Takes place. Essential have health benefits. oil contains antioxidants. Vitamin E, sterols...