The scope and significance of human anti-animal antibody interference in immunological assays is reviewed with an emphasis on immunoglobulins, particularly anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs).Anti-animal (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE class, anti-isotype, anti-idiotype specificity) arise as a result iatrogenic noniatrogenic causes include anti-mouse, -rabbit, -goat, -sheep, -cow, -pig, -rat, -horse mixed specificity. Circulating can reach gram per liter concentrations may persist for years. Prevalence...

Abstract Certain phenol derivatives, including p-iodophenol and p-phenylphenol, enhance light emission from the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of cyclic diacyl hydrazides such as luminol. The decays slowly (glowing for several minutes) its intensity may be greater than 1000-fold that unenhanced reaction. enhanced system enables rapid, sensitive assay peroxidase conjugates. We describe application in immunoassays human choriogonadotropin, digoxin, factor VIII-related antigen....

White blood cells are isolated from whole in silicon–glass 4.5-μl microchips containing a series of 3.5-μm feature-sized 'weir-type' filters, formed by an etched silicon dam spanning the flow chamber. Genomic DNA targets, e.g., dystrophin gene, can be directly amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) white on filters. This dual function microchip provides means to simplify nucleic acid analyses integrating single device two key steps analytical procedure, namely, cell isolation and PCR.

Devices for performing polymerase chain reactions (PCR) have been developed use with photolithographed silicon. Microchambers capable of holding between 5.0 and 10 microL PCR reagents were constructed by etching specific areas rectangular silicon chips (17 x 15 mm), which then capped Pyrex glass. These devices (PCRChips), etched to depths 40-80 microns, permitted free flow fluids in the microchannels microchambers. Access microchambers was through holes Thermal cycling achieved placing...

The various types of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions are described. Applications luminescence in the analysis substancs clinical interest surveyed. advantages, disadvantages, prospects for luminescent assays discussed.

Light-emitting chemical reactions (chemiluminescence, CL) and biological (bioluminescence, BL) have a diverse range of analytical applications but relatively few been adopted by routine clinical laboratories. Advantages CL BL assays include sensitivity (attomole sub-attomole detection limits), speed (signal generated in seconds some cases stable for several hours), nonhazardous reagents, simple procedures. The most promising are immunoassay, protein blotting, DNA probe assays....

Analysis of minute sample volumes is a major analytical challenge that requires an understanding fluid flow in microstructures. Accordingly, dynamics biological fluids and cell suspensions straight glass-capped silicon microchannels (40 to 150 microns wide, 20 40 deep) were studied. We demonstrated these microstructures are appropriate components for microfluidic devices. Different easily manipulated the microchannels, measurements rate as function pressure whole human blood, serum, plasma,...

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) achieves efficient separation of molecular species by the application high voltages to samples in solution (1). Commercial CE units, available for slightly more than a decade, have found numerous applications (2)(3)(4)(5)(6), but are expensive (∼$60 000) and require substantial user training experience. Recent advances allowed be performed on microchip devices (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). We evaluated Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies), which represents new...

Miniaturization has been a long-term trend in clinical diagnostics instrumentation. Now range of new technologies, including micromachining and molecular self-assembly, are providing the means for further size reduction analyzers to devices with micro- nanometer dimensions submicroliter volumes. Many analytical techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry electrophoresis) have successfully implemented on microchips made from silicon, glass, or plastic. The impetus miniaturization stems perceived...

Plastic microchips with microchannels (100 µm wide, 40 deep) of varying designs have been fabricated in polymethylmethacrylate by a hot embossing process using an electroform tool produced starting silicon chip masters. Hot-embossed chips were capped top proprietary solvent bonding process. Holes drilled through the to allow access channels. The tested fluid and shown fill easily. seal between embossed base was effective, there no leakage from channels when pumped microchannels. also semen...

We compared a chemiluminescent assay and colorimetric endpoint for measuring an alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) label in enzyme immunoassay of thyrotropin (TSH). The substrate the is derivative adamantyl 1,2-dioxetane phosphate. On dephosphorylation, catalyzed by phosphatase, decomposes further emits glow light (lambda max 470 nm). modified Hybritech Tandem-E TSH High Sensitivity detection bound using this (with 20-, 40-, 60-min incubations). Detection limits (mean +2 SD zero standard)...