A knowledge of solid hydrogen pellet lifetimes in a plasma is critical to the design devices refuel tokamak fusion reactors. When injected into plasma, ablated material from undergoes transonic flow since it heated while expands. Calculations are done on behavior for various conditions and sizes. From these calculations, ablation rate determined. scaling law given which allows be easily calculated any conditions. The results calculations give good agreement when compared with experiments.

A dynamic process for reaching the maximum power point of a variable source such as solar cell is introduced. The tracks nearly cycle-by-cycle during transients. Information from natural switching ripple instead external perturbation used to support maximizing process. method globally stable DC-DC converters, provided that action present. prototype boost converter uses this control can follow transients on time scales few milliseconds. This performance be achieved with simple analog...

It is shown that the ablation of a solid hydrogen pellet subject to plasma likely produce quasi-steady dense neutral gas cloud. The total integrated density cloud such electrons lose essentially all their energy in electron flux degraded by inelastic collisions and elastic backscattering with molecules, providing local heating acceleration gas. Only small fraction reaches surface pellet, raising pellet's temperature point where at balance lost through vaporization. vaporization rate, turn,...

Development of a new method for the generation microparticles controlled size and charge is reported. The method, which particularly suited insulating liquids, to generate stable fine jets through electrostatic spraying. Charge in liquid produced by placing sharp electrode inside raising it high potential. High electric fields then disrupt form later break up into small drops. A theoretical explanation these phenomena presented compared with experimental results qualitatively good agreement....

A uniform vertical electric field produces an instability in a poorly conducting liquid subject to temperature gradient. gradient conductivity resulting from the causes free charge accumulate fluid when is applied. For cases considered, dielectric constant can be neglected with significant force being that due charge. The threshold conditions for are predicted using linear perturbation theory. Approximations made which allow equations space-varying coefficients solved. analysis shows that,...

A stability criterion is found for an initially static, stratified fluid subject to electric stress. The equilibrium density, permittivity, viscosity, and space charge distributions are functions of the vertical spatial coordinate, with gradients directed parallel imposed field intensity gravitational acceleration. In limit where perfectly insulating, sufficient conditions found; principle exchange stabilities shown, variational principles derived eigenfrequencies and, in case no charge,...

When a fluid is heated from below, there critical temperature gradient above which the becomes unstable and convection results. The effect of dielectrophoretic forces on this studied. Dielectrophoretic are caused by an electric field in dielectric constant. principle exchange stabilities shown to hold for certain set boundary conditions. Variational principles derived various These variational Galerkin method then used find approximate solutions as function wavelength field.

A uniform vertical electric field produces an instability in a poorly conducting fluid subject to temperature gradient. previous paper presents the theory for this instability. Here measurements are made of voltage at threshold Since occurs as over-stability, frequency was also measured. These experimental results support theory. Heat-transfer show significant increase heat flow under influence fields.

Solid hydrogen spheres were injected into the ORMAK tokamak as a test of pellet refuelling for fusion reactors. Pellets 70 μm and 210 in diameter with speeds 91 m/s 100 m/s, respectively. Each 210-μm pellets added about 1% to number particles contained plasma. Excited neutrals, ablated from these spheres, emitted light, which was monitored either by photomultiplier or high-speed framing camera. From light signals it possible measure lifetimes, ablation rates, spatial distribution atoms...

A multi-physics integrated analysis of piston top compression ring a high-performance internal combustion engines is presented. The effects transient elastodynamics, thermal gas flow through crevices upon chamber leakage pressure and parasitic frictional losses are investigated. comprises flexible dynamics, ring-liner thermo-mixed hydrodynamics blow-by, an approach not hitherto reported in literature. predictions show close conformance to measurements under engine motored dynamometric...

The result of studies made by McLennan and McLeod McLennan, Smith Wilhelm on the Raman effects obtained with liquid hydrogen have it abundantly clear that molecules in phase exist or can electronic, vibrational rotational states are exactly same as available for them to assume form a gas isolated units. is true regard energy oxygen nitrogen may take up when existing entities one hand other. In so far concerned, known from work Babcock practically all earth’s atmosphere electronic state...

An apparatus has been constructed which produces uniform spheres of solid hydrogen for experiments testing the feasibility using pellets refueling fusion reactors. Two versions were developed, one produced 70-μm-diam at rate 105/sec and another 210-μm 2.6×104/sec. The first step in pellet production is to liquefy by flowing it through a liquid-helium-cooled heat exchanger. Then, liquid jet formed nozzle. broken up into drops an acoustical excitation. are frozen evaporation pressure less than...

By a series of experiments reported in previous publication the authors, it was shown that for monatomic gas xenon, absorption at resonance wave-length λ 1469 A. ( 1 S 0 — 3 P° ) exhibited an unusually large broadening with increase pressure. With pressure 2 mm. mercury, cell fluorite windows spaced apart, appeared as sharp line As xenon increased constant temperature 12° C. rapidly widened out into continuous band. At 50 atmospheres, band 156 Angstroms wide and extended from 1484 to 1428...

In this paper, a mathematical model of rotor-bearing system is presented. The includes modal elastodynamics flexible rotor as well the in-plane radial dynamics bearing with outer race. Elastodynamics shaft utilises solution based on Green's function to provide computationally efficient approach. race modelled using Timoshenko beam theory. also detailed lubricated contact mechanics balls-to-races contacts viscous friction. Therefore, analysis represents multi-physics tribodynamics and...

The trend towards electrification presents new challenges in bearing design. One such consideration is the occurrence of electrical discharge contact pathways, which can lead to surface damage. current study a novel comprehensive multiphysics model, incorporating dynamics, mechanics lubricated rolling element-to-races contacts and model for both DC AC voltages. also includes resistance capacitance effects contacts. Key vibration frequencies as cage frequency base natural along with voltage...

A theoretical study is made of the convection near a heated vertical plate in dc electric field. Electrical forces are produced by bulk charge density an This occurs because temperature gradients produce conductivity fluid with Ohmic electrical properties. To find effect forces, set boundary-layer equations developed and then integrated over boundary layer. integration produces ordinary differential when profiles assumed for temperature, velocity, These each have same thickness. Both...

Ball bearings are an integral part of many machines and mechanisms often determine their performance limits. Vibration, friction power loss some the key measures bearing performance. Therefore, there have been predictive analyses with emphasis on various aspects. The current study presents a mathematical model, incorporating dynamics, mechanics rolling element-to-races contacts as well elastodynamics outer ring focus study. It is shown that in cage cycles increases by much 4% when...

A method for generating drops of liquid insulators using electrostatic spraying is reported. This differs from normal in the charging liquid. sharp needle placed near end a capillary raised to high potential, thus injecting charge into As voltage raised, jet formed electrostatically with size decreasing increasing voltage. theoretical prediction radius as function current obtained by finding amount electrical energy which goes mechanical energy. Experimental results silicone oils are given...

A theory is suggested for predicting the threshold voltage dynamic scattering in nematic liquid crystals subject to a constant electric field. Because of experimental results showing similar instabilities isotropic liquids, an model used. The electrical behaviour assumed have charge carrier dissociation-recombination process equilibrium. Under these assumptions, typical ion density curves are obtained and non-zero found near electrodes. resulting forces result instability. Calculations...

The paper presents transient thermal-mixed-hydrodynamics of piston compression ring–cylinder liner conjunction for a 4-cylinder 4-stroke gasoline engine during part the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC). Analyses are carried out with and without cylinder de-activation technology in order to investigate its effect upon generated tribological conditions. In particular, deactivation frictional power loss is studied. predictions show that overall losses piston–ring system worsen by as much 10%...

Single point diamond turning of single crystal <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi> mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> using the <mml:mtext>µ</mml:mtext> -LAM process is studied. We focus on how orientation workpiece can influence tool wear and efficiency cutting process. Cutting...

Uniform charged liquid-hydrogen drops are produced using the method of field injection electrostatic spraying. This consists forming a meniscus liquid hydrogen at end glass nozzle and injecting charge into sharp electrode raised to high voltage. A small pressure drop across results in constant volume flow rate through allowing form drip off. As amount increases with needle voltage, size decreases due increased forces compensating for surface tension forces. result, off an frequency....

The thermal boundary layer near a heated vertical plate in poorly conducting liquid is subject to horizontal d.c. electric field. If the field strong enough, becomes unstable. In this paper theory developed predict onset of instability. Experiments measuring threshold voltage for instability are compared with theoretical predictions. Other experiments reported which determine effect on heat transferred from plate.

The fault detection system using automated concepts is a crucial aspect of the industrial process. can contribute efficiently in minimizing equipment downtime therefore improving production process cost. This paper highlights novel model based (FD) approach combined with an interval type-2 (IT2) Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy for drilling uncertainty considered prevailing during process, and methodology utilized to deal these uncertainties effective way. Two theorems are developed; Theorem 1,...