A leading sociological theory of crime is the “routine activities” approach (Cohen and Felson, 1979). The premise this ecological that criminal events result from likely offenders, suitable targets, absence capable guardians against converging nonrandomly in time space. Yet prior research has been unable to employ spatial data, relying instead on individual‐ household‐level test basic premise. This analysis supports with data 323,979 calls police over all 115,000 addresses intersections...

Chapter 1 Table of Contents 2 Preface 3 Basic Issues 4 The Criminal Behavior Neighborhood Residents 5 Opportunities for 6 Dynamics and the Fear Crime 7 Context Gang 8 Neighborhood-Based Responses to Crime: Policy 9 Epilogue 10 Notes 11 References 12 Acknowledgments 13 Index 14 About Author

The specific deterrence doctrine and labeling theory predict opposite effects of punishment on individual rates deviance. limited cross-sectional evidence available the question is inconsistent, experimental has been lacking. Police Foundation Minneapolis Department tested these hypotheses in a field experiment domestic violence. Three police responses to simple assault were randomly assigned legally eligible suspects: an arrest; advice (including, some cases, informal mediation); order...

Increasing evidence shows great diversity in the effects of criminal sanction. Legal punishment either reduces, increases, or has no effect on future crimes, depending type offenders, offenses, social settings, and levels analysis. A theory “defiance” helps explain conditions under which increases crime. Procedural justice (fairness legitimacy) experienced is essential for acknowledgment shame, deterrence; perceived as unjust can lead to unacknowledged shame defiant pride that Both...

Many criminologists doubt that the dosage of uniformed police patrol causes any measurable difference in crime. This article reports a one-year randomized trial Minneapolis increases at 55 110 crime “hot spots,” monitored by 7,542 hours systematic observations. The experimental group received, on average, twice as much observed presence, although ratio displayed wide seasonal fluctuation. Reductions total calls ranged from 6 percent to 13 percent. Observed disorder was only half prevalent...

In a reanalysis of the Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment, we examine whether use fair procedures on part police officers called to scene domestic assault inhibits subsequent assault. Consistent with expectations, found that procedural justice did suppress violence, even in face adverse outcomes. When acted procedurally manner when arresting suspects, rate violence was significantly lower than they not. Moreover, suspects who were arrested and perceived treated had rates as low those...

Evidence-based policing is a method of making decisions about “what works” in policing: which practices and strategies accomplish police missions most cost-effectively. In contrast to basing on theory, assumptions, tradition, or convention, an evidence-based approach continuously tests hypotheses with empirical research findings. While all aspects grew substantially the late twentieth century, application practice intensified early twenty-first especially for three tasks that make up...

Police crackdowns are sudden increases in officer presence, sanctions, and threats of apprehension either for specific offenses or all places. Of eighteen case studies crackdowns, fifteen appeared to demonstrate initial deterrent effects, including two examples long-term effects. In most with apparent deterrence, however, the effects began decay after a short period, sometimes despite continued dosage police presence even increased sanctions. However, five postcrackdown data showed "free...

Deterrence theories and labeling offer inconsistent predictions about the relative impact of legal informal controls on subsequent criminal activities arrested persons. In a controlled experiment using police contacts for domestic violence offenses in Milwaukee, we test whether effect arrest recidivism is conditional key individual characteristics indicating stake conformity. Contrary to deterrence theories, had no overall crime reduction either official or victim interview measures repeat...

This paper is a first attempt to organize and codify the findings of quantitative research on four aspects police behavior: detection, arrest, service, violence. A framework five explanatory approaches used findings: individual characteristics officers; situational, organizational, community characteristics; legal variables. The generally show weak relationships between wide range hypothesized causes behavior, implica tions which for building substantive theory policing are briefly considered.

The logic of simply summing crimes all kind into a single total has long been challenged as misleading. All are not created equal. Counting them if they fosters distortion risk assessments, resource allocation, and accountability. To solve this problem, Sherman (2007 , 2010 2011 2013 ) offered general proposal to create weighted 'Crime Harm Index (CHI).' This article provides explicates detailed procedure for operationalizing idea in UK: what we call the 'Cambridge CHI.' new elements...

This paper synthesizes the effects on repeat offending reported in ten eligible randomized trials of face-to-face restorative justice conferences (RJCs) between crime victims, their accused or convicted offenders, and respective kin communities. After an exhaustive search strategy that examined 519 studies could have been for our rigorous inclusion criteria, we found did. Included measured recidivism by 2 years convictions after random assignment 1,880 offenders who had consented to meet...

We tested the hypothesis that greater enforcement of existing laws against carrying concealed weapons could reduce firearms violence with a quasi-experimental, target beat/comparison beat design. Over six-month period in ten-by-eight-block area homicide rate 20 times higher than national average, intensive patrol near gun crime hot spots produced 65 percent increase seized by police. Gun crimes declined 49 percent, no significant displacement to any surrounding area. Neither nor guns changed...

Advocates of restorative justice (RJ) hypothesize that the diversion criminal cases to RJ conferences should be more effective in lowering rate reoffending than traditional prosecution court processing because effectively engage psychological mechanisms reintegrative shaming and procedural justice. This study uses longitudinal data from drinking-and-driving Australian Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) evaluate long-term impact on support for law later recidivism as assessed through...

We tested the block-level deterrent effects on crime of uniformed police raids crack houses. Court-authorized were legally possible 207 blocks with at least five calls for service in preceding 30 days. Raids assigned randomly to 104 locations and conducted 98 those sites; other 109 left alone. Experimental blocks, relation controls, showed reductions both offense reports, but quite small decayed two weeks. which arrests made (23 assigned) had no consistently different impact from made. more...

5 In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for example, the prosecution rate misdemeanor domestic battery was about ten percent at time Wisconsin State legislature enacted mandatory arrest probable cause cases of that offense.In Milwaukee experiment reported in this article, under five all arrests.6 U.S.

One major goal of face‐to‐face restorative justice (RJ) is to help heal the psychological harm suffered by crime victims ( Braithwaite, 2002 ). Substantial evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has shown that this can be accomplished Strang, ) and more are underway Sherman & 2004 These outcomes even clearly, if less rigorously, demonstrated through retrospective interviews about their feelings before after RJ took place. We review responses (N= 210) who participated in...