The neuropeptides tachykinin2 (Tac2) and kisspeptin (Kiss1) in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus Kiss1 (Kiss1ARH) neurons are essential for pulsatile release of GnRH reproduction. Since 17β-estradiol (E2) decreases Tac2 mRNA expression Kiss1ARH neurons, the role during E2-driven anorexigenic states their coordination POMC NPY/AgRP feeding circuits have been largely ignored. Presently, we show that E2 augmented excitability by amplifying Cacna1g, Hcn1 Hcn2 T-type calcium h-currents. increased...

Abstract Energy balance is regulated by anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. POMC make extensive projections are thought to release both amino acid neurotransmitters. However, whether they communicate directly with NPY/AgRP debated. Initially, using single-cell RT-PCR, we determined that mouse eGFP express Slc17a6 ( Vglut2 ) Slc18a2 Vmat2 ), but not Slc31a1 Vgat mRNA, suggesting...

Inactivating mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor ( MC4R ) gene cause monogenic obesity. Interestingly, female patients also display various degrees of reproductive disorders, line with subfertile phenotype MC4RKO mice. However, cellular mechanisms by which regulates reproduction are unknown. Kiss1 neurons directly stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release through two distinct populations; ARH neurons, controlling GnRH pulses, and sexually dimorphic AVPV/PeN preovulatory LH...

Direction selectivity has been widely studied as an example of a complex neural computation. Directional GABA release from starburst amacrine cells (SBACs) is critical for generating directional signals in direction-selective ganglion cells. The mechanisms producing the remain unclear. For SBACs, ordered distribution sustained and transient bipolar cell inputs along dendrites proposed to generate release. This study tests whether this hypothesis applies ON-type SBACs. EPSCs activated at...

Abstract Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons provide indispensable excitatory input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which is important for the coordinated release of gonadotropins, estrous cyclicity and ovulation. However, Kiss1 also send projections many other brain regions within outside hypothalamus. Two different populations one in arcuate nucleus (Kiss1 ARH ) another anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) (PeN; AVPV/PeN hypothalamus are differentially regulated by ovarian...

Arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons drive ingestive behavior. The M-current, a subthreshold non-inactivating potassium current, plays critical role in regulating NPY/AgRP neuronal excitability. Fasting decreases while 17β-estradiol increases the M-current by mRNA expression of Kcnq2, 3, and 5 (Kv7.2, 5) channel subunits. Incorporating KCNQ3 into heteromeric channels has been considered essential to generate robust M-current. Therefore, we investigated...

Studies from our laboratory and others show that oestrogen reduces angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced water intake by ovariectomized rats. Elimination of endogenous ovariectomy causes weight gain can be reversed or prevented replacement. Changes in body modify cardiovascular responses to Ang but whether such changes have similar effects on central behavioural is unknown. The goal this study was evaluate the contributions loss isoproterenol (isoprenaline; Iso)-induced Fos immunoreactivity (IR)...

CA1 hippocampal interneurons at the border between stratum radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare have AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that consist of two distinct phases: a typical fast component (FC), highly unusual slow (SC) persists for hundreds milliseconds. To determine whether these kinetically components EPSC are mediated by AMPAR subpopulations, we examined relative contributions GluA2-containing –lacking AMPARs to SC. majority FC whereas...

Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are essential for reproduction, but their role in the control of energy balance and other homeostatic functions remains unclear. High-frequency firing hypothalamic arcuate Kiss1 (Kiss1 ARH ) releases kisspeptin into median eminence, neurokinin B (NKB) dynorphin onto neighboring to generate a slow EPSP mediated by TRPC5 channels that entrains intermittent, synchronous neurons. optogenetic stimulation also glutamate excite anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)...

Cell-intrinsic factors, in conjunction with environmental signals, guide migration, differentiation, and connectivity during early development of neuronal circuits. Within the retina, inhibitory starburst amacrine cells (SBACs) comprise ON types somas ganglion cell layer (GCL) dendrites stratifying narrowly inner half plexiform (IPL) OFF nuclear (INL) outer IPL. The transcription factor Sox2 is crucial to this subtype specification. Without Sox2, many ON-type SBACs destined for GCL settle...

Abstract Inactivating mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor ( MC4R ) gene cause monogenic obesity. Interestingly, female patients also display various degrees of reproductive disorders, line with subfertile phenotype MC4RKO mice. However, cellular mechanisms by which regulates reproduction are unknown. Kiss1 neurons directly stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release through two distinct populations; ARH neurons, controlling GnRH pulses, and sexually dimorphic AVPV/PeN...

Inactivating mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor ( MC4R ) gene cause monogenic obesity. Interestingly, female patients also display various degrees of reproductive disorders, line with subfertile phenotype MC4RKO mice. However, cellular mechanisms by which regulates reproduction are unknown. Kiss1 neurons directly stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release through two distinct populations; ARH neurons, controlling GnRH pulses, and sexually dimorphic AVPV/PeN preovulatory LH...

Inactivating mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor ( MC4R ) gene cause monogenic obesity. Interestingly, female patients also display various degrees of reproductive disorders, line with subfertile phenotype MC4RKO mice. However, cellular mechanisms by which regulates reproduction are unknown. Kiss1 neurons directly stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release through two distinct populations; ARH neurons, controlling GnRH pulses, and sexually dimorphic AVPV/PeN preovulatory LH...

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are the key anorexigenic hypothalamic neuron for integrating metabolic cues to generate appropriate output maintaining energy homeostasis and express requisite channels as a perfect synaptic integrator in this role. Similar hormones leptin insulin, glutamate also excites POMC via group I metabotropic receptors (mGluR1 5, mGluR1/5) that activate Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC 5) Channels cause depolarization. A modulator of TRPC 5 channel...

Abstract Arcuate nucleus Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons drive ingestive behavior in response to the internal and external environment of an organism. NPY/AgRP are adjacent median eminence, a circumventricular organ, circulating metabolic factors hormones communicate energy state animal via these by altering excitability neurons, which produces appropriate change maintain homeostasis. One example this plasticity is seen M-current, subthreshold, non-inactivating K +...