An optical displacement sensor using bifurcated fiber bundle technology is investigated here from a theoretical perspective. A purely geometrical approach and an electromagnetic Gaussian beam are developed for determining the transfer function of sensor. sensitivity analysis also presented discussed.

Metallic electrodes are widely used in many applications, the analysis of their frequency-domain behavior is an important subject, particularly applications related to earthing/grounding systems, from dc up into MHz range. In this paper, a numerical evaluation frequency-dependent complex impedance hemispherical ground electrode implemented. A closed-form solution for non-zero frequencies still difficult task achieve as evidenced previous paper dedicated subject and, therefore, approaches...

The present work is a contribution to the field of linear displacement measurements by optical means. For that purpose, brief overview some existing solutions presented and two systems for axial measurement based on light intensity detection are introduced. have redundancy were designed with purpose achieving identification automatic correction errors arising from inadvertent angular variations between sensor beam positions.

Fortescue's transformation, Clarke's transformation and Karrenbauer's are all well-known tools which can be used to conduct a modal analysis of perfectly balanced transposed three-phase power transmission lines. For untransposed asymmetrical lines, however, such standard transformations fail. Nevertheless, these matrices still play an important role in determining first order approximation the exact transformation. This paper shows how this done by employing perturbation technique approach....

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> An accurate method for the evaluation of 50-Hz magnetic fields produced by overhead power lines is presented. The method, which based on matrix formalism multiconductor transmission (MTL), allows a correct all currents flowing in MTL structure, including subconductors each phase bundle, ground wires, mitigation loop (if present), and also earth return currents. Furthermore, analysis incorporates...

Most problems related to contactless energy transfer are usually dealt within the framework of transformer theory, employing equivalent electric circuits as a tool for their analysis. Here, however, physics approach based on Maxwell equations is followed. Electric and magnetic fields utilized evaluate Poynting vector, which defines direction power density carried by electromagnetic field. The concepts voltage flux define instantaneous guided transmitter. Contactless requires two separate...

This article is the authors’ last contribution to a trilogy of research papers submitted Energies’ Special Issue on Electromagnetic Field Computation, aimed at theoretical analysis and numerical computation frequency-dependent complex impedance hemispherical electrodes. In this work, we consider pair distant identical electrodes buried in ground, whose constitutive parameters (conductivity permittivity) are assigned diverse values. Simulation experiments carried out using full-wave finite...

This paper aims at assessing the relevance of coupling effects among main components overhead power lines in their lightning response, namely, tower, grounding electrodes, and shield wire(s). Mutual are investigated by simulation, using an electromagnetic model. The analyses performed frequency time domain, considering, respectively, input impedance node current injection overvoltages rising same node. study is conducted considering different configurations for excitation three arrangements...

Modal analysis of three-phase power lines exhibiting bilateral symmetry leads to modal transformation matrices that closely resemble Clarke's transformation. We develop a perturbation theory approach justify, interpret, and gain understanding this well known fact. Further, we show how find new frequency dependent correction terms once added lead improved accuracy.

The improvement of the lightning performance overhead distribution lines, hit by direct strokes, is investigated considering use additional shield wires beneath phase conductors. frequency-domain theory multiconductor transmission lines with periodical grounding adopted permitting a rigorous evaluation and wire currents overvoltages across insulators. These can be minimized careful positioning underbuilt wires. A sensitivity analysis on conducted varying either position impedance.

Physically realizable transmission lines exist to which the standard modal theory does not apply, since ZY diagonalization cannot always be undertaken successfully. The nondiagonalizable conditions for typical overhead three-phase are established. Algorithms described and implemented synthesize concrete configurations. Numerical examples presented discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

A matrix technique for the computation of perunit-length internal impedance radially inhomogeneous cylindrical structures is presented.The structure conceptually divided into a number layers, each layer being characterized by its constitutive parameters, conductivity, permeability, and permittivity.Within this general framework, compound conductors, capacitors, magnetic cores, or any other resulting from mix above, can be analyzed using very same tool.The developed software program, MLCS,...

In high-voltage transmission lines, the continuity of shield wires is often broken to reduce losses. The accurate simulation effects this practice on power line communications in multiconductor lines performed order put evidence relevant channel features and consequences radiated electromagnetic fields.

Abstract Several theoretical frameworks have been used to understand exercise adherence. Basic psychological needs (BPN), grounded on self‐determination theory, received large attention for this purpose. More recently, the hedonic theory and assumptions related characteristics (e.g., intensity) that can bolster positive affective responses revitalized. This study aimed explore associations between agreement of current intensity one individually preferred, BPN satisfaction/frustration,...

Power lines are longitudinally nonuniform, nonsymmetrical systems, where ordinary modal analysis, originally conceived for uniform multiconductor transmission (MTL), can be utilized only as a zeroth-order approximation. In this paper, we present an accurate analysis of nonuniform MTLs based on the frequency-domain transmission-matrix formalism 2n-port two unequal characteristic immittance matrices need to defined, one forward propagation and another backward propagation. This focused (or...

This paper is devoted to the analysis of multiconductor transmission line (MTL) – a type structure that encountered in very many applications ranging from power systems microwave engineering. Our aim provide reader with self-contained presentation subject where MTL frequency-domain equations are formulated and their solution established. Matrix techniques made intense use order permit compact problem. Solutions presented two different useful formats; at first we consider form superposition...

The hemispherical ground electrode is a basic whose analysis appears in many textbooks on electromagnetics chapters dedicated to steady currents. Considering soil with given resistivity and an perimeter, the DC resistance simply calculated from ratio resistivity/perimeter. Strangely, generalization of this result AC regimes missing. issue frequency-domain impedance has been avoided literature despite its trivial geometry. But problem indeed not easy; electromagnetic field calculation...