On 22 March 2020, Zagreb was struck by an M5.5 earthquake that had been expected for more than 100 years and revealed all the failures in construction of residential buildings Croatian capital, especially those built first half 20th century. Because that, extensive seismological, geological, geodetic structural engineering surveys were conducted immediately after main shock. This study provides descriptions damage, specifying building performances their correlation with local soil...

On 28 December 2020, seismic activity in the wider Petrinja area strongly intensified after a period of relative seismological quiescence that had lasted more than 100 years (since well-known M5.8 Kupa Valley earthquake 1909, which is known based on discovery Mohorovičić discontinuity). The day M5 foreshock, destructive M6.2 mainshock occurred. Outcomes preliminary seismological, geological and SAR image analyses indicate foreshocks, aftershocks were generated due to (re)activation complex...

This article presents the experimental results of a study on reinforced-concrete frames infilled with masonry openings. The were designed according to current European codes. They built in scale 1:2.5 and walls. Mid-size window door openings located centrically eccentrically executed without tie-columns around them. Presence infill, although not accounted for design, improved system behavior (increase stiffness, strength energy dissipation capacity) at drift levels up 1%. During test, did...

The benefits and challenges posed by Building Information Modelling in documenting the existing buildings comes from development of digital support to needs, compatibility interoperability applied technologies at same time available knowledge skills use a wide range necessary technologies. Within scope Heritage Modelling, 3D views has become common practice, often hindered complex geometry layered changes constructive systems. Implementation BIM for heritage is developed through procedures...

In the seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, a reliable estimation capacity unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls is utmost importance to ensure structural safety conditions. With particular attention out-of-plane (OoP) URM after in-plane (IP) damage, issue defining analytical prediction models for an ongoing study. this paper, empirical equations are proposed evaluation infilled frame's OoP capacity, with or without IP based on extensive numerical parametric...

RC buildings with masonry infill walls are common throughout the world. There is uncertainty about effect of on response building to earthquake demands. To shed light this issue, a three-story, scaled reinforced concrete frame was subjected two sequences base motions in series tests. In Series 1, hollow units were used. After completion series, structure repaired by replacing new solid units. Reinforced confining elements also added along vertical edges window and door openings first second...

Within the scope of literature, influence openings within infill walls that are bounded by a reinforced concrete frame and excited seismic drift forces in both in- out-of-plane direction is still uncharted. Therefore, 3D micromodel was developed calibrated thereafter, to gain more insight topic. The micromodels were against their equivalent physical test specimens in-plane, driven tests on frames with without openings, as well bend masonry walls. Micromodels rectified based behavior damage...

Abstract In 2019 und 2020 wurde die Balkanregion von zwei Erdbeben der Stärke M W = 6,4 heimgesucht. Am 26. November erschütterte ein den Nordwesten Albaniens. Es war das stärkste seit mehr als 40 Jahren. Städte wie Thumanë, Tirana Durrës erlitten Schäden, wobei mit mehreren eingestürzten Gebäuden am stärksten betroffen war. Die Region Sisak‐Moslavina in Kroatien, etwa 50 km südlich Zagreb, 29. Dezember erschüttert. Auch hier es dem Pokupsko‐Erdbeben vom 8. Oktober 1909 größte 140...

Framed masonry wall structures represent a typical high-rise structural system that are also seismically vulnerable. During ground motions, they excited in both in-plane and out-of-plane terms. The interaction between the frame infill during motion is highly investigated phenomenon field of seismic engineering. This paper presents numerical investigation two distinct static loading methods for framed models. first most common method uniformly loaded infill. load generally induced by airbag....

Structural frames, constructed either by steel or reinforced concrete (RC), are often infilled with masonry panels.In design, they usually treated as non-structural elements, and their interaction the bounding frame is ignored.However, recent studies have demonstrated that can be superior to a bare in terms of stiffness, strength energy dissipation, when structure subjected strong lateral loads including earthquakes.Today, several models been developed evaluate structures.Nevertheless, such...

Within the literature, no examples of equations were found that account for out-of-plane inter-storey drift force resistance, nor any tested RC frames under them. Moreover, studies even done combined in-plane forces. Consequently, this paper presents an equation development estimating resistance containing infill walls with and without openings subjected to simultaneous IP OoP loading. The derived from data obtained 3D high fidelity finite-element micromodels calibrated against a series...

The seismic performance assessment of heritage architecture presents many challenges due to the restrictions set forth by conservation principles protect associated social and cultural values. These buildings are typically characterized unreinforced masonry walls connected tie-rods, vaults, wooden floors. era construction dates time when design regulations were largely unknown, making structures potentially vulnerable earthquake damage. This study Jesuit College located in southern part Old...

In order to determine the characteristics that govern out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infills, two groups wall specimens were build and tested in laboratory.Specimens assembled as described EN 1052-2 provisions constitute flexural strength for a plane failure parallel perpendicular bedjoints specimens.By obtaining data from experiments, numerical micromodels developed predict their mechanical behaviour.A calibration procedure undertaken results obtained experimental campaign found be...

Trakošćan Castle, built on a rocky peak in the late 13th century, is cultural heritage site protected as historical entity by Republic of Croatia. The Castle constructed highly irregular masonry structure with timber or shallow arches, vaults dome floors. It was substantially renewed, upgraded and partially retrofitted from 16th century until year 2000. M5.5 (VIII EMS) M6.2 (VIII-IX earthquakes, which struck city Zagreb 22 March 2020 Pokupsko-Petrinja area 29 December 2020, strongly shook...

Clay block masonry and mortar joint interlockingIf clay blocks with vertical voids general-purpose are used in construction, interlocking will occur during placement of units mortar.Shear strength the solid brick is usually determined same way, without taking into consideration.With interlocking, tensile reached before bed sliding occurs.In order to consider effect nonlinear analyses, three-dimensional design models were built verified using physical model response.The shear resistance...

In designing and implementing earthquake resistance for clay block masonry infill integrated into a structural frame, with or without openings, the wall should be taken account. Presumably, simplified models, acceptable practical use, could applied that purpose. However, anisotropy of units, mortar joints, unit contact properties as well high variance material limit their ability to describe actual masonry. this work, we consider three-dimensional micromodel wall, inclusion joint properties....