Abstract X-ray shocks and radio relics detected in the cluster outskirts are commonly interpreted as induced by mergers of subclumps. We study properties merger merging galaxy clusters, using a set cosmological simulations for large-scale structure formation universe. As representative case, we focus on simulated clusters that undergo almost head-on collisions with mass ratio ∼2. Due to turbulent nature intracluster medium, shock surfaces not smooth, but composed different Mach numbers....

Abstract Collisionless shocks with low sonic Mach numbers, <?CDATA ${M}_{{\rm{s}}}\lesssim 4$?> , are expected to accelerate cosmic ray (CR) protons via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in the intracluster medium (ICM). However, observational evidence for CR ICM has yet be established. Performing particle-in-cell simulations, we study injection of into DSA and early development a nonthermal particle population weak high- β (≈100) plasmas. Reflection incident protons, self-excitation plasma...

The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern other members of the discuss diagnosis management hospitalized patients complex or problems who also demonstrate These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing interface medicine psychiatry. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2025;27(2):24f03873....

Low sonic Mach number shocks form in the intracluster medium (ICM) during formation of large-scale structure universe. Nonthermal cosmic-ray (CR) protons are expected to be accelerated via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) those ICM shocks, although observational evidence for $\gamma$-ray emission hadronic origin from galaxy clusters has yet established. Considering results obtained recent plasma simulations, we improve analytic test-particle DSA model weak quasi-parallel ($Q_\parallel$)...

Giant radio relics in the outskirts of galaxy clusters are known to be lit up by relativistic electrons produced via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) shocks with low sonic Mach numbers, $M_{\rm s}\lesssim3$. The particle at these collisionless critically depends on kinetic plasma processes that govern injection DSA. Here, we study preacceleration suprathermal weak, quasi-perpendicular ($Q_\perp$) hot, high-$\beta$ ($\beta = P_{\rm gas}/P_{\rm B}$) intracluster medium (ICM) through...

Abstract Cosmology models predict that external accretion shocks form in the outer region of galaxy clusters owing to supersonic gas infall from filaments and voids cosmic web. They are characterized by high sonic Alfvénic Mach numbers, M s ∼ 10–10 2 A 10 –10 3 , propagate into weakly magnetized plasmas β ≡ P g / B ≳ . Although strong expected be efficient accelerators rays (CRs), nonthermal signatures shock-accelerated CRs around have not been confirmed, detailed acceleration physics at...

Accurate and timely prediction of short-term rainfall is crucial for reducing the damages caused by heavy events. Therefore, various precipitation nowcasting models have been proposed. However, performance these still remains limited. In particular, current operational method, which based on radar echo tracking, such as McGill Algorithm Precipitation Nowcasting Lagrangian Extrapolation (MAPLE), has a critical drawback when predicting newly developed or decayed fields. Recently proposed deep...

Abstract Radio relics in the outskirts of galaxy clusters imply diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) electrons at merger-driven shocks with Mach number M s ≲ 3–4 intracluster medium (ICM). Recent studies have suggested that electron preacceleration and injection, prerequisite steps for DSA, could occur supercritical ≳ 2.3 ICM, thanks to generation multiscale waves by microinstabilities such as Alfvén ion cyclotron (AIC) instability, firehose instability (EFI), whistler (WI). On other hand,...

Abstract The optical flow technique has advantages in motion tracking and long been employed precipitation nowcasting to track the of fields using ground radar datasets. However, performance forecast time scale models based on are limited. Here, we present results application deep learning method estimation extend its enhance nowcasting. It is shown that a model can better capture both multispatial multitemporal motions events compared with traditional methods. comprises two components: 1)...

The preacceleration of electrons through reflection and shock drift acceleration (SDA) is essential for the diffusive (DSA) nonthermal in collisionless shocks. Previous studies suggested that, weak quasi-perpendicular ($Q_\perp$) shocks high-$\beta$ ($\beta=P_{\rm gas}/P_{\rm B}$) intracluster medium (ICM), temperature anisotropy due to SDA-reflected can drive electron firehose instability, which excites oblique nonpropagating waves foot. In this paper, we investigate, a linear analysis...

We examine the cosmic-ray protons (CRp) accelerated at collisionless shocks in galaxy clusters using cosmological structure formation simulations. find that intracluster medium (ICM) within virial radius of simulated clusters, only $\sim7$\% shock kinetic energy flux is dissipated by are expected to accelerate CRp, is, supercritical, quasi-parallel ($Q_\parallel$) with sonic Mach number $M_s\ge2.25$. The rest subcritical and quasi-perpendicular shocks, both which may not CRp. Adopting...

Abstract. Analytic solutions for the Advection-Diffusion equation have been explored in diverse scientific and engineering domains, aiming to understand transport phenomena, including heat mass diffusion, along with movement of water resources. Precipitation, a vital component resources, presents modeling challenge due complex interplay between advection-diffusion effects source terms. This study aims improve nonlinearly evolving precipitation fields by specifically addressing equations...

This study introduces a data-to-data (D2D) translation approach that utilizes conditional adversarial learning framework to generate hypothetical data at the Meteorological Imager (MI) sensor on Communication, Ocean, and Satellite (COMS). The proposed D2D model produces virtual 10-minute from actual 30-minute by exploiting temporal resolution (TR) of advanced MI (AMI) GEO-KOMPSAT-2A (GK2A) during overlapping observation period two satellites. Specifically, uses one visible (VIS) 0.64 μm...

Magnetic field amplification in the early universe is a long-standing problem that has been extensively studied through theoretical and numerical approaches, focusing on turbulent dynamos growth of collisionless plasma instabilities. In post-recombination era, pressure anisotropy drives instabilities, magnetic these instabilities can be faster than driven by dynamos. By considering balance between isotropization generation external sources such as turbulence anisotropic cosmic-ray...

Precipitation nowcasting is critical for preventing damage to human life and the economy. Radar echo tracking methods such as optical flow algorithms have been widely employed precipitation because they can track motions well. Thus, this method, including McGill algorithm by Lagrangian extrapolation (MAPLE), was implemented operational nowcasting. However, advection-based struggle predict nonlinear of fields dynamic processes, growth decay precipitation. This study proposes an enhanced model...

Starburst galaxies (SBGs) with copious massive stars and supernova (SN) explosions are the sites of active cosmic-ray production. Based on predictions nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration theory, we model proton (CRP) production by both pre-SN stellar winds (SWs) remnants (SNRs) from core-collapse SNe inside starburst nucleus. Adopting different models for transport CRPs, estimate $\gamma$-ray neutrino emissions due to $pp$ collisions nearby SBGs such as M82, NGC253, Arp220. We find that...

Abstract Radio relics associated with merging galaxy clusters indicate the acceleration of relativistic electrons in merger-driven shocks low sonic Mach numbers ( M s ≲ 3) intracluster medium (ICM). Recent studies have suggested that electron injection to diffusive shock (DSA) could take place through so-called Fermi-like foot β = P gas / B ≈ 20–100 and stochastic drift (SSDA) transition 1–5 shocks. Here, we explore how SSDA can facilitate preacceleration weak quasi-perpendicular Q ⊥ )...

When clusters of galaxies merge, shocks are formed that characterized by a low (1-4) sonic Mach number and an Alfvénic is typically order magnitude higher, giving the plasma β approximately 100. The question we seek to answer what extent can accelerate particles relativistic speeds thereby contribute cosmic ray spectrum. We use combined particle-in-cell magnetohydrodynamics code, which treats thermal as fluid, but uses kinetic approach deal with non-thermal particles. This computationally...