Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate recognition of pathogens by dendritic cells (DCs). Although TLRs are clearly involved detection bacteria and viruses, relatively little is known about their function response to eukaryotic microorganisms. Here we identify a profilin-like molecule from protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii that generates potent interleukin-12 (IL-12) murine DCs dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88. T. profilin activates through...

Abstract The cellular events underlying the resolution of acute inflammation are not known in molecular terms. To identify anti-inflammatory and proresolving circuits, we investigated temporal differential changes self-resolving murine exudates using mass spectrometry-based proteomics lipidomics. Key components were defined as indices including Ψmax, maximal neutrophil numbers that present during inflammatory response; Tmax, time when Ψmax occurs; interval (Ri) from Tmax to T50 reach half...

Abstract Lipoxygenases (LOX) catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, first step in biosynthesis a large group biologically active acid metabolites collectively named oxylipins. In present study we report characterization enzymatic activity six lipoxygenases found genome model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Recombinant expressed AtLOX‐1 and AtLOX‐5 had comparable oxygenase with either linoleic or linolenic acid. AtLOX‐2, AtLOX‐3, AtLOX‐4 AtLOX‐6 displayed selective Analyses by...

Oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) rich omega-3 oils (hereafter referred to as either EPA DHA or omega-3) is a complicated topic, but an important one understand. A significant number consumers cite fishy burp and/or taste, thought be the result oxidation, main reasons they do not consume oils. In addition, note that some articles have raised concerns about potential for adverse effects associated with consumption oxidized Measuring oxidation in due...

Signaling pathways instrumental in the temporal and spatial progression of acute inflammation toward resolution are wide interest. Here a transgenic mouse with myeloid-selective expression human lipoxin A4 receptor (hALX) was prepared used to evaluate vivo effect hALX expression. hALX-transfected HEK293 cells transmitted LXA4 signals that inhibit TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Transgenic FvB mice were generated by DNA injections 3.8 kb transgene consisting full-length cDNA driven...

1. Lipoxins (LX) and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxins (ATL) exert potent anti-inflammatory actions. In the present study, we determined efficacy of endogenous LXA(4) LXB(4), stable ATL analog ATLa2, a series novel 3-oxa-ATL analogs (ZK-996, ZK-990, ZK-994, ZK-142) after intravenous, oral, topical administration in mice. 2. LXA(4), ZK-994 were orally active, exhibiting systemic inhibition zymosan A-induced peritonitis at very low doses (50 ng kg(-1)-50 microg kg(-1)). 3. Intravenous ZK-142...

9-lipoxygenases (9-LOXs) initiate fatty acid oxygenation in plant tissues, with formation of 9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic (9-HOT) from linolenic acid. A lox1 lox5 mutant, which is deficient 9-LOX activity, and two mutants noxy6 noxy22 (non-responding to oxylipins), are insensitive 9-HOT, have been used investigate 9-HOT signalling. Map-based cloning indicated that the mutations located at CTR1 (CONSTITUTIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE1) ETO1 (ETHYLENE-OVERPRODUCER1) loci, respectively. In...

Forty-seven fish oil products available on the New Zealand market were analyzed for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) content, as well oxidative status in a collaborative effort by several analytical laboratories. Of tested products, 72%, 86% 77% complied with voluntary industry-set maximum limits Peroxide Value (PV), para-Anisidine (p-AV), TOTOX, respectively. 91% of EPA/DHA content claims. All oils p-AV limit 30, 98% PV 10 meq O

The resolution of inflammation is an active process driven by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, such as 15-epi-LXA4 and resolvin D1 (RvD1), that promote tissue regeneration. Macrophages regulate the innate immune response being key players during phase to avoid chronic inflammatory pathologies. Their half-life tightly regulated accomplish its phagocytic function, allowing complete cleaning affected area. balance between apoptosis autophagy appears be essential control survival these...

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a potent endogenous lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoid with antiinflammatory and proresolving properties. Supraphysiological levels of LXA4 are generated during infection by Toxoplasma gondii, which in turn reduces interleukin (IL) 12 production dendritic cells, thus dampening Th1-type cell-mediated immune responses host immunopathology. In the present work, we sought evidence for structural basis T. gondii's ability to activate biosynthesis. Proteomic analysis gondii...

Fish oil (FO) products constitute good sources of omega-3 fats. Oxidation data from a large third-party database 1900 + globally-sourced FO samples were assessed. In products, for peroxide value (PV), 13.9% exceeded 5 mEq O2/kg (2.2% >10); acid (AcV) 2.1% 3 mg KOH/g, while p-anisidine (pAV) in unflavoured oils, 6.1% 20, (3.8% >30), and 8.8% TOTOX limits (26). Additionally, we compared with other dietary oils. The median PV was similar to those algal sunflower 4.8-fold greater than krill oil,...

Abstract Lipoxins and their aspirin-triggered 15-epimers are endogenous anti-inflammatory agents that block neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro inhibit influx several models of acute inflammation. In this study, we examined the effects 15-epi-16-(p-fluoro)-phenoxy-lipoxin A4 methyl ester, an lipoxin A4-stable analog (ATLa), on protein phosphorylation pattern human neutrophils. Neutrophils stimulated with chemoattractant fMLP were found to exhibit intense a 55-kDa was blocked by ATLa (10–50 nM)....

The enzyme glutaminase in brain is responsible for the synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate. We used two-hybrid genetic selection system yeast to look interactors human brain. have identified two proteins containing PDZ domains, alpha1-syntrophin and a glutaminase-interacting protein, named GIP, that showed association with L, as deduced from specificity test system. complete GIP cDNA clone has 1315 nucleotides 372-base open reading frame encoding 124-amino acids protein. Glutaminase...

Abstract Plant α-dioxygenases initiate the synthesis of oxylipins by catalyzing incorporation molecular oxygen at α-methylene carbon atom fatty acids. Previously, α-DOX1 has been shown to display α-dioxygenase activity and be implicated in plant defense. In this study, we investigated function a second isoform, α-DOX2, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Recombinant Slα-DOX2 Atα-DOX2 proteins catalyzed conversion wide range acids into 2(R)-hydroperoxy...

Plant α-dioxygenases catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to formation oxylipins. In flowering plants, two main groups α-DOXs have been described. While α-DOX1 isoforms are mainly involved in defense responses against microbial infection and herbivores, α-DOX2 mostly related development. To gain insight roles played by these enzymes during land plant evolution, we performed biochemical, genetic analyses examine function single copy moss...

A recent study has reported that the administration during gestation of a highly rancid hoki liver oil, obtained by oxidation through sustained exposure to oxygen gas and incident light for 30 days, causes newborn mortality in rats. This effect was attributed lipid hydroperoxides formed omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich while other chemical changes damaged oil were overlooked. In present study, condition employed damage replicated, extreme rancidity confirmed. detailed...