The object of this study was to demonstrate the ability machine learning (ML) methods for segmentation and classification diabetic retinopathy (DR). Two-dimensional (2D) retinal fundus (RF) images were used. datasets DR-that is, mild, moderate, non-proliferative, proliferative, normal human eye ones-were acquired from 500 patients at Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Five hundred RF (sized 256 × 256) each DR stage a total 2500 (500 5) five stages acquired. This research...

Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient, Gamma Kendall's tau-b, tau-c, Somers' d are the most commonly used measures of association for doubly ordered contingency tables. So far there has been no study expressing a priority on those association. The aim this is to compare several types different sample sizes generated squared tables determine which more efficient. It found that both dimension play significant role effect

In order to accurately estimate the regression coefficients in a multiple linear model having multicollinearity, ridge is well-liked biased estimation technique used as an alternative least squares method. So far, numerous estimators have been proposed for parameter this study, robust estimator that performs better than 366 different literature date has developed using "search method". contrast studies literature, addition Mean Square Error (MSE) criterion both and assessed terms of outliers...

The difference between a path analysis and the other multivariate analyses is that has ability to compute indirect effects apart from direct effects. aim of this study investigate distribution one components via generated data. To realize this, simulation been conducted with four different sample sizes, three numbers explanatory variables correlation matrices. A replication 1000 applied for every single combination. According results obtained, it found irrespective size coefficients tend be...

There are numerous large-scale global optimization problems encountered in real-world applications including engineering, manufacturing, economics, networking fields. Over the last two decades different varieties of swarm intelligence and nature inspired based evolutionary algorithms (EAs) were dev eloped still. Among them, particles optimization, Firefly algorithm, Ant colony Bat algorithm most popular recently developed leading approaches. They mainly by social cooperative behaviors...

We, the Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of Journal Applied Statistics have retracted following article, which was due to appear in a special issue:Muhammad Ijaz, Wali Khan Mashwani, Atilla Göktaş & Yuksel Akay Unvan (2021): A novel alpha power transformed exponential distribution with real-life applications, Statistics. DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2020.1870673.The are cognisant clear evidence that findings presented unreliable. The probability is only valid if α > 1 numerous mathematical properties...

Objective:The volumes of the eyeball and orbit have been subject a few studies, yet none them used stereological methods to estimate volume.In present study, we estimated orbita in normal healthy men women using method. Material Methods:We volume (VE) (VO) Cavalieri principle as combination point-counting technique.We computed tomography scans taken from 31 subjects (12 19 women). Results:The mean (±SD) VO female was 18.47±2.52cm 3 on right side 18.16±2.52cm left side.The VE 7.45±1.19cm...

Multicollinearity is a common problem in multiple regression that occurs whenever two or more explanatory variables are highly correlated. When multicollinearity exists, the method of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) likely to produce poor parameter estimates. Furthermore, OLS estimates coefficients can be inflated making them too large. Ridge one most popular methods used presence as an alternative. In this study, comparison all ridge estimators encountered literature conducted terms their...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) is a family of population-based nature optimization methods. In contrast to classical techniques, EAs provide set approximated solutions for different test suites and real-world problems in single simulation. the last few years, hybrid have received much attention by utilizing valuable aspects search strategies. Hybrid are quite efficient handling various having had high complexity, noisy environment, imprecision, uncertainty vagueness. this article,...

The purpose of this study is to compare the Partial Least Squares (PLS), Ridge Regression (RR) and Principal Components (PCR) methods, used fit regressors with severe multicollinearity against a dependent variable. To realize this, great number varying groups datasets are generated from standard normal distribution allowing for inclusion different degrees collinearities 10000 replications. design based on simulation work that has been performed six levels sample sizes. From data, comparison...

One of the major problems in fitting an appropriate linear regression model is multicollinearity which occurs when regressors are highly correlated. To overcome this problem, ridge estimator alternative method to ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator, has been used. Heteroscedasticity, violates assumption constant variances, another problem estimation. solve violation weighted estimation used fit a more robust equation. However, there both and heteroscedasticity should be employed. Ridge...

A large and wide variety of ridge parameter estimators proposed for linear regression models exist in the literature. Actually proposing new estimator lately proving its efficiency on few cases seems endless. However, so far there is no that can serve best any sample size or degree collinearity among regressors. In this study we propose a robust serves case assuring free size, number regressors collinearity. This fact realized by choosing three from enormous performing well different...

Retraction: The following article from Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research , “Development, validity reliability the Turkish version Hung Postpartum Stress Scale” by Nezihe Uğurlu, Banu Bayar, Kılıçhan Atilla Göktaş, İlkim Çıtak Karakaya Hatice Polat, published online on 2 March 2012 in Wiley Online Library ( http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com ), Volume 38, Issue 4, 705–713 pp, has been retracted agreement between journal Editor Chief, Shiro Kozuma, Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. retraction...

This study was designed to investigate current awareness and knowledge levels of high school students about human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a very popular tourism city Mugla, Turkey. The participants were consisted 1184 from 11 secondary schools Mugla asked fill out questionnaire form, which 50 questions. form contained two scales, one socio-demographical property the individuals other scale students. findings present clear data well known...

Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient, Gamma Kendall's tau-b, tau-c, Somers’d are the most commonly used measures of association for doubly either square or rectangular ordered contingency tables. So far, there has been no existing study expressing a formal priority on those association. The aim this is not only to compare these several types different sample sizes generated (or non-squared) tables determine which more efficient, but also, check whether each test statistics ordinal...

Ridge regression is a commonly used prediction method in cases of multicollinearity among regressors multiple linear model. In this study, the performances 366 different estimators proposed literature for ridge parameter estimation were evaluated. The criteria estimators' ratio generating outliers and proportion normality besides Mean Square Error (MSE) criterion diagnosing estimators. Besides, effect deviations from generated by on MSE was revealed Spearman's Rho correlation analysis. To do...

Study of dynamic equations in time scale is a new area mathematics. Time tries to build bridge between real numbers and integers. Two derivatives have been introduced called as delta nabla derivative. Delta derivative concept defined forward direction, backward direction. Within the scope this study, we consider method obtaining parameters regression equation integer values through scale. Therefore, implemented least squares according definition obtained coefficients related model. Here,...