The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in increased use of face masks worldwide. Here, we examined the effect wearing a mask on ability to recognise facial expressions emotion. In within-subjects design, 100 UK-based undergraduate students were shown anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and neutral expression; these either posed with or without mask, artificially imposed onto them. Participants identified emotion portrayed photographs from fixed choice array answers rated their...

Analyses of rats' feeding behavior at the start and end nocturnal cycle have revealed dramatic alterations in macronutrient intake over time. At dark onset, rats displayed a preference for carbohydrate, with first meal night consisting approximately 60% this nutrient. This carbohydrate was soon followed by shift toward protein-predominant meals. Superimposed on pattern meal-to-meal shifts nutrient selection appears to be an additional rhythm which ingestion favored onset protein fat were...

Abstract Mice are the most widely used model species for drug discovery and scientific research. Consequently, it is important to refine laboratory procedures practices ensure high standards of welfare data quality. Recent studies have identified that standard practice handling mice by their tails increases behaviours indicative anxiety, which can be overcome using a tunnel. However, despite clear negative effects on mice’s behaviour, tunnel has yet implemented. In this study, we provide...

Human participants received unsupervised exposure to difficult-to-discriminate stimuli (e.g., A and A'), created with a morphing procedure from photographs of faces, before learning discrimination between them. Experiments 1 2 demonstrated that prior enhanced later intermixed (A, A', A, A'...) resulted in better subsequent than blocked (B, B, ...B', B'...). 3 4 showed simultaneous similar facilitated the acquisition both successive discrimination, this effect was observed even though...

It is debated whether subregions within the medial temporal lobe (MTL), in particular hippocampus (HC) and perirhinal cortex (PrC), play domain-sensitive roles learning. In present study, two patients with differing degrees of MTL damage were first exposed to pairs highly similar scenes, faces, dot patterns then asked make repeated same/different decisions preexposed nonexposed (novel) from three categories (Experiment 1). We measured would show a benefit prior exposure (preexposed >...

One particular concern of the 2010 Winter Conference on Animal Learning and Behaviour was degree to which behaviours human nonhuman animals might be interpreted as result ofthe same cognitive mechanisms. Here, we examine three examples in rats (causal-reasoning, sensitivity absence stimuli, relationship between effort reward) where higher ordermental processes invoked explanations observed behaviour. In each case argue that alternative accounts, based "lower" mental processes, are also...

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Pavlovian conditioning procedures generate spatially and temporally distinct behaviors. For example, after rats have received pairings of a lever with food, they approach the food well during (called goal-tracking) interact it sign-tracking), these two behaviors being distributed differently across temporal duration lever. Experiment 1 assessed development spatiotemporally defined first-order conditioning, as function sequence in which occurred (lever→food or food→lever) interval between...

Progressive weight loss resulting from restriction to a daily 1.5-hr feeding period and access running wheel, the Activity-Based Anorexia (ABA) effect, was obtained in 3 experiments. However, bodyweight recovered when adaptation schedule preceded wheel (Experiment 1), at start of dark (Experiments 2 3), denied 4 hr before food 4). It concluded that ABA results interference with new due development anticipatory behavior.

Conditioned taste aversions (CTA) based on lithium chloride (Experiment 1), amphetamine 2), and wheel running 3) were examined using the analysis of microstructure licking to measure palatability serving as conditioned stimulus (CS). Pairing saccharin with reduced intake without reducing size clusters, initial lick rate, or distribution inter-lick intervals (ILIs) within a cluster. By contrast, pairing wheel-running well cluster size, ILIs As ILI can be used indices palatability, current...

Laboratory rats can exhibit marked, qualitative individual differences in the form of acquired behaviors. For example, when exposed to a signal-reinforcer relationship some show marked and consistent changes sign-tracking (interacting with signal; e.g., lever) others goal-tracking location predicted reinforcer; food well). Here, stable rats' emerged over course training, but these did not generalize across different relationships (Experiment 1). This selectivity suggests that sign- reflect...

To investigate factors affecting activity-based anorexia (ABA) or activity-stress (AS), rats were given 2-hr access to a running wheel immediately prior their daily 1.5-hr food during the light cycle. This produced reduction in intake, steady increase running, and large drop body weight with prolonged delay before recovery began. Experiment 1 found that these effects reduced experience of eating at this time day. In contrast, when on ad lib enhanced 2, where subsequent change for half...

It has recently been argued that rats engage in causal reasoning and they do so a way is consistent with Bayes net theories (Blaisdell, Sawa, Leising & Waldmann, 2006). This argument was based upon the finding tendency of cues to elicit approach food-well reduced when their presentation contingent on lever pressing. There is, however, an alternative interpretation critical experimental findings simple principle response competition: wherein pressing interferes food well. Here authors...

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Abstract Copy number variants indicating loss of function in the DLG2 gene have been associated with markedly increased risk for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. encodes postsynaptic scaffolding protein (PSD93) that interacts NMDA receptors, potassium channels, cytoskeletal regulators but net impact these interactions on synaptic plasticity, likely underpinning cognitive impairments conditions, remains unclear. Here, hippocampal CA1 neuronal excitability...

Rat autoshaping procedures generate two readily measurable conditioned responses: During lever presentations that have previously signaled food, rats approach the food well (called goal-tracking) and interact with itself sign-tracking). We investigated how reinforced nonreinforced trials affect overall temporal distributions of these responses across 10-second presentations. In experiments, generated more goal-tracking than sign-tracking, resulted in a larger reduction sign-tracking. The...

It is a common assumption of associative theories learning that no change in the strength an connection between 2 cues possible absence those cues. However, recently suggested modifications to theory (A. Dickinson & J., Burke 1996) have questioned this by arguing if representations are simultaneously retrieved from memory, association will be formed them even though themselves not present. A flavor preference procedure was used find evidence for such associations. In 3 experiments novel...

In three experiments, humans received preexposure to two compound flavours (AX and BX: saline-lemon sucrose-lemon) that were presented either in an intermixed (e.g., AX, BX,...BX, AX,...) or a blocked AX,...BX, BX...) fashion. Subsequently, AX was paired with unpleasant bitter taste, the discriminability of BX assessed using accuracy same/different judgements by extent which any learned dislike generalized BX. When participants feedback about their during those given more accurate making...

Two experiments were conducted using a picture–picture procedure to investigate the functional characteristics of evaluative conditioning. Images foods used as cue stimuli while images body shapes reinforcing stimuli. Foods paired with obese rated more negatively than that had been normal and size this conditioning effect did not differ between men women. In Experiment 1 repeated presentation alone after training before test reduce effect. 2 there was no difference in cues trained or...

Human participants received unsupervised exposure to difficult-to-discriminate chequerboard stimuli (e.g., AX and BX), before learning a discrimination between them. Experiment 1 demonstrated that prior enhanced later intermixed (AX, BX, AX, BX ...) resulted in better subsequent than did blocked (CY, CY ... DY, DY ...). 2 showed simultaneous two similar (AX-BX, BX-AX facilitated the acquisition of successive discrimination, more (AX-AX, BX-BX These results parallel those observed by Mundy,...

Journal Article Palatability in pigs, the pleasure of consumption Get access Jaime Figueroa, Figueroa Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile Corresponding author: figueroa.jaime.@uc.cl Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Daniela Frías, Frías David Solà-Oriol, Solà-Oriol Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department Food Science, Universitat...