The presence research community would benefit from a reliable and valid cross-media measure that allows results different laboratories to be compared more comprehensive knowledge base developed. ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI) is new state questionnaire whose development has been informed by previous on the determinants current self-report measures. It focuses users' experiences media, with no reference objective system parameters. More than 600 people completed ITC-SOPI following...

The concept of presence, i.e. the sensation 'being there' in a mediated environment, has received substantial attention from virtual reality community, and is becoming increasingly relevant both to broadcasters display developers. Although research into presence still at an early stage development, there consensus that multiple determinants. To identify test which parameters affect reliable, robust valid means measuring required. In this paper, we describe categories factors thought have...

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are now the chief cause of bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. To investigate potential risk factors for this nosocomial infection, we conducted a case–control study among 882 infants treated two units during 1982.

To determine whether increased compliance with a policy of glove and gown isolation precautions could reduce the high rate nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on an infant toddler ward, we conducted longitudinal intervention trial during three RSV seasons, from 1982 to 1985, increase introduced midway through second season. The risk acquiring in hospital was adjusted for intensity exposure by assigning each study week one five strata, defined proportion days which shed...

Recently, we reported that group subjective measures of presence as well observers' postural responses are sensitive to increasing the realism a display with motion content, by addition stereoscopic information, using 20-inch screen an effective horizontal field view 28 deg. (Freeman, Avons, Meddis, Pearson, & IJsselsteijn, 2000). The experiment presented here employed large projection 50 showing rally car traversing curved track at speed. independent variables included image and...

We recently reported that direct subjective ratings of the sense presence are potentially unstable and can be biased by previous judgments same stimuli (Freeman et al., 1999). Objective measures behavioral realism elicited a display offer an alternative to ratings. Behavioral linked premise that, when observers experience mediated environment (VE or broadcast) makes them feel present, they will respond within as would in real world. The experiment presented here measured postural responses...

Prevalence, incidence and duration of a condition or illness in steady-state population are interrelated such way that two these quantities may be used to obtain the third. Data collected most expedient manner, either as prevalence series cases, results expressed both prevalence. Information about distribution total durations an durations-to-date is necessary order use relations between illness. The taken one measure effect on population, "treatment effect" measured by comparing populations...

We report three experiments using a new form of direct subjective presence evaluation that was developed from the method continuous assessment used to assess television picture quality. Observers were required provide rating their sense handheld slider. The first experiment investigated effects manipulating stereoscopic and motion parallax cues within video sequences presented on 20 in. CRT display. results showed presentation both associated with higher ratings. One possible interpretation...

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Rapid Dissemination β-Lactamase–Producing, Aminoglycoside-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis among Patients and Staff on an Infant–Toddler Surgical Ward

The effects of noscomial infection on duration hospital stay and outcome hospitalization were measured by matching two control patients to each 85 found have active nosocomial during a prevalence survey at Boston City Hospital in 1973. selected from all discharged this the same time period; they matched exact primary discharge diagnosis, similar operative procedure, age. Patients with single remained average 13.0 days longer than their controls, those such infections stayed 35.4 longer. This...

Intravenous lipid emulsions and the i.v. catheters through which they were administered major risk factors for nosocomial coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CONS) bacteremia among newborns in our neonatal intensive care units a decade ago. However, medical practice is changing, these other interventions may have different effects current setting.We determined independent CONS very low birth weight after adjusting severity of underlying illness.We surveyed 590 consecutively admitted with...

• Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the leading cause of nosocomial bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units Brigham and Women's Hospital Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass, 1982. To determine consequences these bacteremias, a cohort study was conducted which two comparison subjects matched with each 38 bacteremic infants by hospital, birth weight within 100 g, nearest date discharge. adjust for duration stay it also required that both have survived remained hospital as long time until...

Surveys of nosocomial infection that have been published in the last two decades present great diversity both purpose and methods. These differences limit our ability to draw generalizations. Difficulties understanding comparing past studies derive from diverse sources. Methodologic areas where there are substantial included definitions rates infection, criteria for methods case-finding. Studies also differ with respect characteristics hospital populations, their underlying diseases patterns...

A fivefold increase in the number of cases nosocomial coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia was investigated a neonatal intensive care unit between 1975 and 1982. This apparent outbreak not result increased isolation staphylococci from blood cultures nor an frequency with which were obtained. Rather, it attributable to dramatic overall probability that positive culture would be interpreted as "bacteremia" opposed contaminant by both physicians infection control staff. Specifically,...

Based on five years of prospective surveillance in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the association nosocomial infection with death during hospitalization was studied. Low birth weight and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were variables most strongly associated infection. After stratification for these variables, there persistent between increased risk (relative = 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–4.44; P 0.03). The relative mortality significantly modified (P 0.02) by presence PDA...

Abstract Audio Description has increasingly been the focus of academic analysis. This paper responds to call for more reception studies. It discusses results empirical research comparing responses blind, partially sighted and participants two styles description David Lean's 1945 classic film Brief Encounter: a 'standard' AD style that conforms current Ofcom guidelines 'cinematic' contravenes by incorporating camera work editing. visual code, which is part language film, assumed be...

Transport emissions are a major contributor to global CO2 emissions, requiring interventions promote sustainable travel behaviors. This study examines how behavior change techniques (BCTs), attitudinal and behavioral segmentation, time pressure influence green route selection in simulated journey-planning app. Using randomized 2 × 3 factorial design, 600 UK participants completed booking tasks under three time-pressure scenarios (low, moderate, high) using either control app or BCT-enhanced...

The noninvasive prediction of pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is important for the recognition and treatment a variety cardiovascular disorders. response arterial to Valsalva maneuver has been shown correlate with PCWP. We therefore devised method measure this at bedside correlated these measurements PCWP measured directly pulmonary-artery catheter.

Investigators worldwide, as well the neonatologists and infection control team at our hospital, have reported that incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in critically ill neonates has increased dramatically recent years. To investigate these claims, we examined results all blood cultures obtained from 1970 to 1984 neonatal intensive care unit. Throughout this study period, staphylococci were prominent culture isolates (crude overall 4.4 positive workups per 100 admitted;...

Presence is a user's subjective sensation of 'being there' in mediated environment. Its determinants include the extent sensory information within environment, ability to control their sensors and modify content individual-difference based factors. Although direct ratings presence have been used, construct may be unclear naive observers, previous work our laboratory has shown that biased towards different characteristics display. In present study focus groups were used to: (1) establish...