First-order magnetron injection gun (MIG) design trade-off equations are given for use in obtaining an adequate starting point simulations on the computer. These based conservation of angular momentum and adiabatic electron flow they contain relativistic corrections high voltage design. The provide considerable insight into basic physical processes by which gyro-cyclotron beams formed controlled. They have also proven very useful feasibility studies power MIGs. Two examples MIG designs these...

A new type of energy storage devices utilizing multilayer Pb(Zr0.95 Ti0.05 )0.98 Nb0.02 O3 films is studied experimentally and numerically. To release the stored energy, ferroelectric structures are subjected to adiabatic compression perpendicular polarization direction. Obtained results indicate that electrical interference between layers (10-120 layers) during stress wave transit through has an effect on generated current waveforms, but no impact released electric charge. The undergo a...

Ferroelectric elements of high-power electrical generators, utilizing the ability ferroelectric materials to produce electric charge under mechanical stress, are subjected either high-pressure shock or moderate-pressure impact loading. The results reported herein on experimental investigations a different mode for generation high density, one that utilizes pre-compressed ceramics. Hard PZT 52/48 (Navy Type I/PZT-4) ceramic specimens were static uniaxial compressive stress parallel...

Stress-induced and thermal-induced depolarization studies along with X-ray diffraction were performed on lead zirconate titanate ferroelectrics of different compositions, PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT 52/48) PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3 95/5). Specimens shock loaded perpendicular to the polarization vector. It was found that polarity stress-induced charge released by PZT 52/48 95/5 opposite generated due piezoelectric effect. only partially (45%) depolarized under 1.5 ± 0.1 GPa mechanical compression, as...

Abstract Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals have triggered revolution in electromechanical systems due to their superior piezoelectric properties. Here the results are reported on experimental studies of energy harvested from (1-y-x)Pb(In 1/2 Nb )O 3 –(y)Pb(Mg 1/3 2/3 –(x)PbTiO (PIN-PMN-PT) under high strain rate loading. Precise control properties through composition, size and crystallographic orientation domains made it possible identify that release up three times more electric charge...

A high gain gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier. experiment has been performed in which net linear gains exceeding 50 dB have observed. The experiment, operates at 35 GHz the TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> circular-electric mode, uses a resistive wall waveguide for stabilization against both reflective instability due to feedback by reflections input and output couplers absolute coupling backward traveling wave...

The development of relaxor ferroelectric single crystal technology is driven by the ability to tailor properties through domain engineering not achievable in polycrystalline materials. In this study, three types domain-engineered rhombohedral Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 crystals were subjected transverse high strain rate loading. experimental results indicate that configuration has a significant effect on stress-induced depolarization and associated charge released. A complete...

The design and performance of a compact explosive-driven high-voltage primary power generator is presented. utilizes fundamental physical effect—depolarization ferroelectric materials under longitudinal shock wave impact, when the initiated along polarization vector P. These sources, containing energy-carrying elements made lead zirconate titanate poled piezoelectric ceramics, with volume from 0.35 to 3.3 cm3, are capable producing pulses high voltage amplitudes up 21.4 kV. amplitude full...

Gyrotron travelling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) experiments have been recently performed, demonstrating linear gains as high 32 dB at 35.1 GHz for a 70 kv, 9 amp beam, and 24 3 beam. The gyro-TWA operates in the TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> circular waveguide mode fundamental electron cyclotron frequency. At present, it is single stage device with no severs or stabilizing elements. has driven into saturation maximum...

Several designs for a 1 MW 100 GHz oscillator are presented, all potentially feasible, but requiring substantial further research before an ‘optimum’ design can be determined. The paper summarizes the results of several separate studies.

The search for ferroelectric materials capable of producing high electric charge and power densities is important developing a new generation ultrahigh-power-density energy storage devices autonomous megawatt supplies.

A study of a magnetic phase state Nd2Fe14B high-energy hard ferromagnets subjected to longitudinal-shock-wave compression (where the shock wave propagates along magnetization vector M) has been performed. The results investigation show that at 28–38 GPa causes transition terminated by practically complete demagnetization Nd2Fe14B. Due this all electromagnetic energy stored in is released and can be transformed into pulsed power. Explosive-driven autonomous sources primary power utilizing...

A new type of travelling wave amplifier is proposed which features a slow structure and wide bandwidth operation. It bused on the cyclotron interaction between electromagnetic helically moving electrons. Gain bandwidths are calculated including effect beam velocity spread. shown that as high 50% could be achieved with spread≲1%.

Electric breakdown of longitudinally-shock-compressed Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT 52/48) ferroelectric ceramics was experimentally investigated. It found that a dependence field strength, Eg, shocked ferroelectrics on the thickness element, d, ranging from 0.65 to 6.5 mm is described by Eg(d)=γ·d-w law describes dielectrics at ambient conditions. follows experimental results tunnel effect dominant mechanism injection prime electrons in elements. demonstrated electric causes significant energy...

It is experimentally found that the Eb(d) = γ · d−ξ law describing thickness-dependent breakdown electric field for solid dielectrics at ambient conditions can be extended in other thermodynamic states. follows from experimental results reported herein field, Eb(d), of Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PZT 95/5) and Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 52/48) ferroelectrics subjected to explosive adiabatic compression obeys above-mentioned a wide range voltages, up 150 kV.

A conventional pulsed power technology has been combined with an explosive to produce autonomous high-voltage supply. The supply contained explosive-driven primary source and a power-conditioning stage. ultracompact was based on the physical effect of shock-wave depolarization high-energy Pb(Zr52Ti48)O3 ferroelectric material. volume energy-carrying elements in generators (SWFEGs) varied from 1.2 2.6cm3. stage spiral vector inversion generator (VIG). SWFEG-VIG system demonstrated successful...

The design of autonomous ultrahigh-voltage generators with no moving metallic parts based on transverse explosive shock wave depolarization Pb(Zr(0.52)Ti(0.48))O(3) (PZT 52∕48) poled ferroelectrics was explored and studied. It follows from experimental results that the output voltage produced by shock-wave ferroelectric (FEGs) is directly proportional to number PZT 52/48 elements connected in series. demonstrated miniature FEGs (volume less than 180 cm(3)) were capable reliably producing...

Systematic studies of the depolarization Pb(Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.52</sub> Ti xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.48</sub> )O xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (PZT 52/48) poled piezoelectric ceramic samples were performed using thermal heating and explosive longitudinal-shock compression. The electric charge density that is released due to at a rate 0.9 K/min was consistent for all sample...

The design of a soft-recovery system is critical to researcher's ability analyze hypervelocity projectiles. researcher may decide use one method over another based on several criteria, including whether or not non-deformed projectile measurements are required. This report analyzes the forces two different methods impart projectiles collected. Method 1 utilized three polyethylene water barrels placed "end-to-end" horizontally, providing 2.6 meters (9 feet) stop projectile. 2 modification in...

A variety of basic magnetic flux compression (MFC) generator geometries have been tested during the last three decades. Though size and operating regimes differ widely, it is apparent that helical most promising concept with respect to current amplification compactness. geometry (dynamically expanding armature in center a carrying helix) seems be basic, turns out understanding all involved processes rather difficult. This fact from present lack computer model solely based on physical...

We report an application of the Harker electodo synthesis technique to design a high power MIG-type gun with laminar flow beam. The beam is represented by temperature-limited equations Manuilov and Tsimring. This enables guns in moderate space-charge regime. find this regime wall-suited formation power, low velocity spread beams. reported here has been developed for the-NRL 04 GHz Megawatt Gyrotron. 4 MW estimated axial 6% V1/V2 = 1.5. Space-charge fields depress cathode electric field...

In this paper, we provide a summary of recent developments in experimental fast wave devices, describe their characteristic features, and examine the promising trends for future research. The focus is primarily on high power gyrotrons which cover millimeter band. A brief review status free electron laser (Ubitron) peniotron also included because current interest these devices.