Mobile apps are ubiquitous, operate in complex environments and developed under the time-to-market pressure. Ensuring their correctness reliability thus becomes an important challenge. This paper introduces Stoat, a novel guided approach to perform stochastic model-based testing on Android apps. Stoat operates two phases: (1) Given app as input, it uses dynamic analysis enhanced by weighted UI exploration strategy static reverse engineer model of app's GUI interactions; (2) adapts Gibbs...

This study investigates the source and status of a recent sound change in Shanghainese (Wu, Sinitic) that has been attributed to language contact with Mandarin. The involves two vowels, /e/ /ɛ/, reported be merged three decades ago but produced distinctly contemporary Shanghainese. Results production experiments show speaker age, mode (monolingual vs. bilingual Shanghainese-Mandarin), crosslinguistic phonological similarity all influence these vowels. These findings provide evidence for as...

This study tested the hypothesis that heritage speakers of a minority language, due to their childhood experience with two languages, would outperform late learners in producing contrast: language-internal phonological contrast, as well cross-linguistic phonetic contrast between similar, yet acoustically distinct, categories different languages. To this end, production Mandarin and English by was compared native American English-speaking three experiments. In experiment 1, back vowels were...

Individual variation is key to understanding phenomena in phonetic and change, including the production-perception link. To test generalizability of this relationship, study compares community- individual-level across three long-standing consonant mergers Hong Kong Cantonese speakers: [n]→[l], [ŋ̩]→[m̩], [ŋ]↔Ø. Concurrently, we document these understudied a community that has undergone rapid social change recent decades. Younger (college-aged) older (middle-aged) Kongers completed reading...

Abstract Children acquire their language in different ways. In this paper we propose some new measures from a network approach quantifying these individual differences. Children's and care-takers' speech data are represented as series of networks, word forms being taken nodes collocation words links. First, compare two independent indices on growth, including the size connectivity. with small vocabulary (i.e. size) may have more flexibility combination large connectivity), vice versa....

Driver's under-arousal occurred in automated driving systems (ADS) impairs takeover safety. This study aims to determine electrodermal activity (EDA) features' importance for driver's arousal quantification. A car-following simulator was conducted with participants concurrently executing four levels of cognitive tasks, triggering arousal. Participants' skin conductance (SC) data were collected and decomposed into tonic (skin level, SCL) phasic response, SCR) components. Seventeen features...

In recent years, corpus phonetics has become a rapidly expanding field.However, the lack of appropriate tools for automatic acoustic analysis hinders further development field.In this paper, we present methodological study on extraction vowel formants using both robust linear predictive coding (RLPC; Lee, 1988) and dynamic formant tracking (Talkin, 1987).Acoustic data were taken from Buckeye English conversations.We varied two aspects -preemphasis LPC order -to optimize results by speaker...

In previous work examining heritage language phonology, speakers have often patterned differently from native and late-onset second (L2) learners with respect to overall accent segmentals. The current study extended this line of inquiry suprasegmentals, comparing the properties lexical tones produced by heritage, native, L2 Mandarin living in U.S. We hypothesized that would approximate norms for more closely than speakers, yet diverge these one or ways. further that, due their unique...

Abstract Plant color landscape plays an important role in improving the quality of visual landscapes, regulating emotion space, and highlighting characteristics urban landscapes. How to reasonably quantify create rich plant landscapes achieve best perception at different scales, so as better meet aesthetic needs public, has become a hot difficult issue design application. Therefore, this article selects four typical parks Nanjing study communities. The natural system card is used extract...

Whether tone language experience facilitates non-native perception is an area of research that previously yielded conflicting results, potentially because the lack systematical control speaker normalization effects across studies. Under a high-variability testing condition with controlled cues, Cantonese (native controls), Mandarin (Cantonese-naive listeners), and English (non-tone listeners) listeners identified three level tones. The results indicate facilitatory effect on when for...

Despite the increasing interest in emotion and sentiment analysis Chinese text, field lacks reliable, normative ratings of emotional content valence words. This paper reports first large-scale survey average language users' judgment perceived type (e.g., anger, happiness), intensity, positive, negative) The results reveal significant differences from previously proposed lexicons, which mostly relied on a few researchers' or automatic annotation. Furthermore, current study also explores issue...

Previous literature has documented phonetic accommodation for various segmental and suprasegmental features, but the of tone remains under-explored. The current study contributes to by investigating two merging tones in Hong Kong Cantonese, mid-level Tone 3 (T3) low-level 6 (T6), a speech shadowing experiment. Specifically, we ask whether shadowers will reverse trend after exposure model talker with distinct T3–T6 productions if so, what factors modulate accommodative behaviors. Evidence...

Researchers are witnessing knowledge-inspired natural language processing shifts the focus from entity-level to event-level, whereas event coreference resolution is one of core challenges. This paper proposes a novel model for within-document resolution. On basis but not entity as before, our learns and integrates multiple representations both alone pair. For former, we introduce linguistics-motivated features more discriminative representations. latter, consider similarity measures capture...

This is a corpus study on closure duration and VOT in English voiceless stops word-initial position.19 speakers' (10 female, 9 male) data from the Buckeye Speech are used study.The first half of paper introduces novel approach automatically finding point stop release large speech database, using Mel spectral templates similarity scores.The performance robustness algorithm discussed detail.To our knowledge, this also automatic measure that reported detail literature.The second studies as...

This study investigated the production of five Mandarin and English sibilant fricatives by heritage speakers in comparison to native late learners. Almost all were found distinguish retroflex alveolo-palatal, as well alveolo-palatal palato-alveolar. However, fewer distinguished palato-alveolar or alveolars, with majority falling into this group distinguishers both cases. These results indicate that speakers, addition most learners, do not have much trouble post-alveolar contrast,...

This paper reports a corpus study on the variation of VOT in voiceless stops spontaneous speech.Two speakers' data from Buckeye are used: one is an older female speaker with low speaking rate while other younger male extremely high rate.Linear regression analysis shows that place articulation, word frequency, phonetic context, speech and utterance position all have effect length VOT.However, altogether less than 20% explained both speakers, which suggests pronunciation highly complicated...

Abstract Differential affective processing has been widely documented for bilinguals: L1 words elicit higher levels of arousal and stronger emotionality ratings than L2 (Pavlenko, 2012). In this study, we focus on two closely related Chinese languages, Mandarin Cantonese, whose lexicons are highly overlapping, with shared lexical items that only differ in pronunciation across languages. We recorded Cantonese – bilinguals’ pupil responses to auditory tokens words. Our results showed...

Phonological neighborhood effects have been found in spoken word recognition, production and phonetic variation (Gahl, Yao, & Johnson, 2012; Luce Pisoni, 1998; Vitevitch, 2002). Overall, words from dense neighborhoods are harder to recognize but easier produce. However, most previous studies focused on English, while evidence suggests that these may not generalize cross-linguistically due language-specific configurations of the lexicon (Michael S Vitevitch Stamer, 2006, 2009). In current...

Acoustic analyses of normal voiced and whispered Mandarin Chinese reveal significant differences in duration intensity among the four lexical tones, that are moreover similar across two speech genres.In contrast to previous claims, however, these tones found shrink whisper rather than being exaggerated facilitate perception.Furthermore, individual variation exists production which shorten or lengthen with respect depending on speaker.

Abstract Semantic transparency deals with the interface between lexical semantics and morphology. It is an important linguistic phenomenon in Chinese context of prediction meanings compounds from their constituents. Given prominence compounding morpho-lexical processes, to date there no semantic dataset available support verifiable replicable quantitative analysis Mandarin Chinese. In addition, relation morphological structure has not been systematically examined. This paper reports a...