An adaptationist programme has dominated evolutionary thought in England and the United States during past 40 years. It is based on faith power of natural selection as an optimizing agent. proceeds by breaking oragnism into unitary 'traits' proposing adaptive story for each considered separately. Trade-offs among competing selective demands exert only brake upon perfection; non-optimality thereby rendered a result adaptation well. We criticize this approach attempt to reassert notion (long...

Adaptation has been defined and recognized by two different criteria: historical genesis (features built natural selection for their present role) current utility now enhancing fitness no matter how they arose). Biologists have often failed to recognize the potential confusion between these definitions because we tended view as so dominant among evolutionary mechanisms that process product become one. Yet if many features of organisms are non-adapted, but available useful cooptation in...

Top-down visual attention mechanisms have been used extensively in image captioning and question answering (VQA) to enable deeper understanding through fine-grained analysis even multiple steps of reasoning. In this work, we propose a combined bottom-up top-down mechanism that enables be calculated at the level objects other salient regions. This is natural basis for considered. Within our approach, (based on Faster R-CNN) proposes regions, each with an associated feature vector, while...

High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 million years ago called Burgess Shale. It hold remains of an ancient sea where dozens strange creatures lived-a forgotten corner evolution preserved awesome detail. In this book Stephen Jay Gould explores what Shale tells us about and nature history.

* *1. Defining and Revising the Structure of Evolutionary Theory Part I: The History Darwinian Logic Debate *2. Essence Darwinism Basis Modern Orthodoxy: An Exegesis Origin Species *3. Seeds Hierarchy *4. Internalism Laws Form: Pre-Darwinian Alternatives to Functionalism *5. Fruitful Facets Galton's Polyhedron: Channels Saltations in Post-Darwinian Formalism *6. Pattern Progress on Geological Stage *7. Synthesis as a Limited Consensus II: Towards Revised Expanded *8. Individuals Hierarchical...

We believe that punctuational change dominates the history of life: evolution is concentrated in very rapid events speciation (geologically instantaneous, even if tolerably continuous ecological time). Most species, during their geological history, either do not any appreciable way, or else they fluctuate mildly morphology, with no apparent direction. Phyletic gradualism rare and too slow, case, to produce major evolution. Evolutionary trends are product directional transformation within...

Journal Article Ontogeny and Phylogeny Get access Phylogeny.— Stephen Jay Gould 1977. Harvard University PressCambridge, ix + 501 pp. $18.50. Søren Løvtrup Department of Zoophysiology, UmeåS-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Systematic Biology, Volume 27, Issue 1, March 1978, Pages 125–130, https://doi.org/10.2307/2412825 Published: 01 1978

We present a quantitative method for describing how heterochronic changes in ontogeny relate to phyletic trends. This is step towards creating unified view of developmental biology and evolutionary ecology the study morphological evolution. Using this representation, we obtain greatly simplified logical scheme classification. believe that will be particularly useful studying data paleontology comparative morphology analysis processes leading adaptive radiation. illustrate by examples drawn...

A robot that can carry out a natural-language instruction has been dream since before the Jetsons cartoon series imagined life of leisure mediated by fleet attentive helpers. It is remains stubbornly distant. However, recent advances in vision and language methods have made incredible progress closely related areas. This significant because interpreting navigation on basis what it sees carrying process similar to Visual Question Answering. Both tasks be interpreted as visually grounded...

High-level, or holistic, scene understanding involves reasoning about objects, regions, and the 3D relationships between them. This requires a representation above level of pixels that can be endowed with high-level attributes such as class object/region, its orientation, (rough 3D) location within scene. Towards this goal, we propose region-based model which combines appearance geometry to automatically decompose into semantically meaningful regions. Our is defined in terms unified energy...

The essence of Darwinism lies in the claim that natural selection is a creative force, and reductionist assertion upon individual organisms locus evolutionary change. Critiques adaptationism gradualism call into doubt traditional consequences argument for creativity, while concept hierarchy, with acting such higher-level "individuals" as demes species, challenges claim. An expanded hierarchical theory would not be Darwinism, strictly defined, but it capture, abstract form, fundamental...

We introduce the concept of dynamic image, a novel compact representation videos useful for video analysis especially when convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used. The image is based on rank pooling and obtained through parameters ranking machine that encodes temporal evolution frames video. Dynamic images by directly applying raw pixels producing single RGB per This idea simple but powerful as it enables use existing CNN models data with fine-tuning. present an efficient effective...

Equilibrium models in population biology have demonstrated that accurate predictions of species diversity can be made without reference to particular taxa. We extended the use equilibrium examine patterns phyletic diversification fossil record. assume (1) regions become saturated with respect number taxa coexist; and (2) after limit is reached, rates speciation extinction are very similar. Using these minimal constraints, standard precepts evolutionary taxonomy (monophyly), we generated...

Jim Watson published The Double Helix in 1968, during my first year of teaching at Harvard. I well remember, as a baby assistant professor cowed into silence, the disapprobation senior scientific colleagues who knew dark and funny side actual research (the jealousies, pranks, pettiness, sexual tensions) but didn't think subject fit for public admission or discussion. Watson's irreverent, honest, eminently readable chronicle himself his early twenties, on make many ways, became classic...