The quantum mechanics of position measurement a macroscopic object is typically inaccessible because strong coupling to the environment and classical noise. In this work, we monitor mechanical resonator subject an increasingly continuous observe back-action force that rises in accordance with Heisenberg uncertainty limit. For our optically based measurements, takes form fluctuating radiation pressure from Poisson-distributed photons coherent field, termed shot We demonstrate comparable...

We create squeezed light by exploiting the quantum nature of mechanical interaction between laser and a membrane resonator embedded in an optical cavity. The radiation-pressure shot noise (fluctuating force from amplitude noise) induces motion well above that thermally driven motion. This imprints phase shift on light, hence correlating noise, consequence which is squeezing. experimentally demonstrate strong continuous optomechanical squeezing 1.7±0.2 dB below shot-noise level. peak level...

The radiation pressure of light can act to damp and cool the vibrational motion a mechanical resonator, but even if field has no thermal component, shot noise still sets limit on minimum phonon occupation. In optomechanical sideband cooling in cavity, finite off-resonant Stokes scattering defined by cavity linewidth combined with fluctuations dictates quantum backaction limit, analogous Doppler atomic laser cooling. our work, we micromechanical membrane resonator limit. Monitoring optical...

The temperature dependence of the asymmetry between Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering can be exploited for self-calibrating, optically based thermometry. In context cavity optomechanics, we observe cavity-enhanced light interacting with standing-wave drumhead modes a ${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ membrane mechanical resonator. ratio amplitude to scattered is used measure temperatures cooled modes, down level few vibrational quanta. We demonstrate that Raman-ratio technique allows...

We demonstrate efficient mechanically-mediated transduction between microwave and optical signals using a micromechanical SiN membrane. This interface has the potential to transform information these vastly different frequencies while maintaining fragile quantum state.

Precision interferometry with quantum states has emerged as an essential tool for experimentally answering fundamental questions in physics. Optical interferometers are of particular interest because mature methods generating and manipulating light. Their increased sensitivity promises to enable tests phenomena, such entanglement, regimes where tiny gravitational effects come into play. However, this requires long decoherence-free processing which, large interferometric areas, remains...

We describe a cryogenic cavity-optomechanical system that combines Si3N4 membranes with mechanically rigid Fabry–Perot cavity. The extremely high products of quality factor and frequency the allow us to cool MHz mechanical mode phonon occupation , starting at bath temperature 5 K. show even cold temperatures thermally occupied modes cavity elements can be limitation, we discuss methods reduce these effects sufficiently for achieving ground state cooling. This promising new platform should...

Conjugate auroral all-sky camera data obtained in 18 flights through the zone near College, Alaska, magnetic meridian show hemispherical differences frequency and intensity. auroras on equatorward boundary of display (the arc system) are found to be consistently brighter northern hemisphere by a factor approximately 1.3. At higher latitudes (in poleward exhibit varying degrees conjugacy, but north tend occur more frequently brighter. The difference is attributed 8000-γ field strength between...

The pressuremeter is a unique method for assessing directly the in situ shear stiffness of soils. However, correct interpretation and application measured modulus must account relevant stress strain level acting around during test. A to unload-reload from self-bored tests sands proposed. has been evaluated using extensive data obtained 47 performed large calibration chamber pluvially-deposited silica sand 25 natural deposit relatively clean at River Po, Italy. consistent relationship was...

Interferometers enable ultrasensitive measurement in a wide array of applications from gravitational wave searches to force microscopes. The role quantum mechanics the metrological limits interferometers has rich history, and large number techniques surpass conventional have been proposed. In typical configuration, tradeoff between probe's shot noise (imprecision) its backaction results what is known as standard limit (SQL). this work we investigate how correlations accessed by modifying...

The branching fractions of the ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}^{12}$ beta decays to 4.43-MeV level ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ were determined be (1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)% (2.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)%, respectively, by means $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}$-coincidence measurements. half-lives remeasured, using a beta-ray spectrometer identify emitted particles, found 20.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 msec 11.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 msec, respectively....

Factors associated with family reunification following a short-term stay in shelter for runaway and troubled youth were examined. Children who not reunified their caretakers reported more problems, appeared to be at higher risk of suicide, stayed longer the shelter. Implications delivery service programs are discussed.

An experimental direct comparison of the shapes ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ beta decay spectra was made as a test validity conserved vector current theory (CVCT). The at corresponding momentum points normalized to end-point momenta using 5-channel 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} magnetic spectrometer. comparative shape factor measured have an energy dependence 1.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.28% per MeV, be compared with predicted value...

An NM-64 neutron monitor latitude survey made by road transport in the summer of 1965 Canada, United States, and Mexico was extended, 1966, to western seaboard States Hawaii. In 1966 vicinity Mt. Hood (2.43 GV), Palomar (5.71 Haleakela (13.3 GV) advantage taken possibility changing altitude without significant change geomagnetic cutoff. At each these places also a smaller lead polyethylene flown at seven different pressure altitudes between 530 mm Hg 140 Hg. The airborne calibrated terms...

Double-exposure holographic interferograms using a 10.6-μm pulsed CO2 laser as the radiation source are shown. Results two recording media, thin bismuth films, and cuprous mercuric iodide reported.

A coupled-cavity HCN laser interferometer (337 μ) is described. Phase-shift sensitivity of 1/20 fringe (∫n dl=1.6×1013 cm−2 for free electrons) has been achieved. The present time resolution 6 μsec determined by the available mechanical motion and not limit capability. use this measuring a low-density transient plasma illustrated.

The quantum switch is an example of a process with indefinite causal structure, and has attracted attention for its ability to outperform causally ordered computations within the circuit model. To date, realizations have made trade-off between relying on optical interferometers susceptible minute path length fluctuations limitations range fidelity implementable channels, thereby complicating their design, limiting performance, posing obstacle extending multiple parties. In this Letter, we...

A common objective of health services is to provide high quality care at the least cost, yet some achieve these objectives better than others. Moreover, there are questions about relationships between cost and quality: do higher expenditures usually result in quality, or, conversely, it possible expenditure levels that may be lower other institutions? This paper reports on a study 13 acute inpatient psychiatric units which range direct outcomes was found. Some had costs as well, while...