We have used an atomic force microscope to make precision measurements of the Casimir between a metallized sphere diameter 196 \ensuremath{\mu}m and flat plate. The was measured for plate-sphere surface separations from 0.1 0.9 \ensuremath{\mu}m. experimental results are consistent with present theoretical calculations including finite conductivity, roughness, temperature corrections. root mean square average deviation 1.6 pN theory experiment corresponds $1%$ at smallest separation.

The physical origin of the Casimir force is connected with existence zero-point and thermal fluctuations. effect very general finds applications in various fields physics. This review limited to rapid progress at intersection experiment theory that has been achieved last few years. It includes a critical assessment proposed approaches resolution puzzles arising Lifshitz van der Waals forces real materials. All primary experiments on measurement between macroscopic bodies Casimir-Polder an...

We report an improved precision measurement of the Casimir force using metallic gold surfaces. The is measured between a large coated sphere and flat plate Atomic Force Microscope. use surfaces removes some theoretical uncertainties in interpretation measurement. forces are also at smaller surface separations. complete dielectric spectrum metal used comparison theory to experiment. average statistical remains same 1% closest separation. These results should lead development stronger...

The lateral Casimir force between a sinusoidally corrugated gold coated plate and large sphere was measured for surface separations 0.2 to 0.3 microm using an atomic microscope. shows the required periodicity corresponding corrugations. It also exhibits necessary inverse fourth power distance dependence. obtained results are shown be in good agreement with complete theory taking into account imperfectness of boundary metal. This demonstration opens new opportunities use effect translation...

This letter describes the threshold characteristics of InGaAs/InGaAsP microdisk lasers with optical emission near a wavelength λ=1.52 μm. More than 5% total spontaneous feeds into lasing mode as diameters reach 2

We have made a direct optical observation of pinning and bowing single 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ferroelectric domain wall under uniform applied electric field using collection mode near-field scanning microscope. The is observed to curve between the defects, with radius curvature determined by material parameters field. change in birefringence used infer orientation internal at wall.

We report an improved precision measurement of the Casimir force. The force is measured between a large Al coated sphere and flat plate using atomic microscope. primary experimental improvements include use smoother metal coatings, reduced noise, lower systematic errors, independent surface separations. Also complete dielectric spectrum used in theory. average statistical remains at same 1% forces closest separation.

The Casimir and van der Waals forces acting between two metallic plates or a sphere (lens) above plate are calculated, accounting for the finite conductivity of metals. A simple formalism surface modes is briefly presented which makes it possible to obtain generalization Lifshitz results case semispaces covered by thin layers. Additional clarification regularization procedure provides means reliable not only force but also energy density. This, in turn, leads value configuration plate, both...

The experimental demonstration of the modification Casimir force [Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. 51, 793 (1948)] between a gold coated sphere and single-crystal Si membrane by light pulses is performed. specially designed fabricated was irradiated with $514\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ laser $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}$ width in high vacuum, leading to change charge-carrier density. difference presence absence radiation measured means an atomic microscope as function...

We present measurement results for the gradient of Casimir force between an Au-coated sphere and plate obtained by means atomic microscope operated in a frequency-shift technique. This experiment was performed at pressure $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ Torr with hollow glass 41.3 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m radius. Special attention is paid to electrostatic calibrations, including problem patches. All calibration parameters are shown be separation independent after...

The lateral Casimir force, which arises between aligned sinusoidally corrugated surfaces of a sphere and plate, was measured for the case small corrugation period beyond applicability region proximity force approximation (PFA). increased amplitudes corrugations on both plate allowed observation an asymmetry i.e., deviation its profile from perfect sine function. dependences phase shift test bodies were at different separations in two sets measurements with sphere. maximum magnitude as...

We demonstrate the Casimir interaction between two ferromagnetic boundary surfaces using dynamic atomic force microscope. The experimental data are found to be in excellent agreement with predictions of Lifshitz theory for magnetic combined plasma model approach. It is shown that materials role hypothetical patch potentials opposite required reconciliation Drude model.

We present the complete results for dynamic experiment on measuring gradient of Casimir force between magnetic (Ni-coated) surfaces a plate and sphere. Special attention is paid to description some details setup, its calibration, error analysis, background effects. Computations are performed in framework Lifshitz theory at nonzero temperature with an account analytic corrections proximity approximation surface roughness using both Drude plasma model approaches. The interaction sphere due...

The gradient of the Casimir force between a Si-SiO${}_2$-graphene substrate and an Au-coated sphere is measured by means dynamic atomic microscope operated in frequency shift technique. It shown that presence graphene leads to up 9% increase at shortest separation considered. This qualitative agreement with predictions additive theory using Dirac model graphene.

The Casimir force between an aluminum-coated plate with small sinusoidal corrugations and a large sphere was measured for surface separations 0.1 0.9 \ensuremath{\mu}m using atomic microscope. shows significant deviation from the perturbative theory. same flat good agreement theory in limit of zero amplitude corrugation. These together demonstrate nontrivial boundary dependence force.

We consider detailed roughness and conductivity corrections to the Casimir force in recent measurement employing an atomic microscope. The of test bodies---a metal plate a sphere---was investigated with microscope scanning electron microscope, respectively. It consists separate crystals different heights stochastic background. amplitude relative zero level was determined were calculated up fourth order small parameter (which is this divided by distance between two bodies). Also due finite...

The lateral Casimir force acting between a sinusoidally corrugated gold plate and sphere was calculated measured. experimental setup based on the atomic microscope specially adapted for measurement of force. measured oscillates as function phase difference two corrugations. Both systematic random errors are analyzed amplitude $3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}\mathrm{N}$ at separation distance 221 nm with resulting relative error 24% 95% confidence probability....

This is the first high resolution measurement of electron energy spectrum from intensity above-threshold ionization (pondermotive \ensuremath{\gg} potential \ensuremath{\gg}h\ensuremath{\nu}) at intensities up to 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. In contrast previous work, we have used a short pulse and large focal spot along with low gas densities minimize effect ponderomotive forces collisions. Existing models do not agree well spectra for either...

We have studied the lattice structure of dusty-plasma Coulomb crystals formed in rectangular conductive grooves as a function plasma temperature and density. The crystal appears to be made mutually repulsive columns grains confined by walls groove. are oriented along direction electrode sheath electric field. A simple phenomenological model wherein intergrain spacing results from an attractive electric-field-induced dipole-dipole force balanced monopole is consistent with observed features crystal.

We compare theory and experiment in the Casimir force measurement between gold surfaces performed with atomic microscope. Both random systematic experimental errors are found leading to a total absolute error equal 8.5 pN at 95% confidence. In terms of relative errors, precision 1.75% is obtained shortest separation 62 nm confidence level (at 60% 1% confirmed separation). An independent determination accuracies theoretical calculations its application configuration carefully made. Special...

A measurement of the Casimir force between a gold coated sphere and two Si plates different carrier densities is performed using high vacuum based atomic microscope. The results are compared with Lifshitz theory good agreement found. Our experiment demonstrates that by changing density semiconductor plate several orders magnitude it possible to modify interaction. This result may find applications in nanotechnology.

The measurement of the Casimir force between a large gold coated sphere and single crystal silicon plate is performed with an atomic microscope. A rigorous statistical comparison data theory done, without use concept root-mean-square deviation, excellent agreement obtained. metal semiconductor demonstrated to be qualitatively different than two similar or dissimilar metals, which opens opportunities for applications in nanotechnology.

The experimental investigation of the Casimir force between a large metallized sphere and semiconductor plate is performed using an atomic microscope. Improved calibration measurement procedures permitted reduction in role different uncertainties. Rigorous statistical are applied for analysis random, systematic total errors at 95% confidence. theoretical computed plates with conductivity properties taking into account all uncertainties discussed literature. comparison experiment theory done...