The coordinated operation of UAV Swarm enhances positioning accuracy, reduces individual errors, and improves system robustness real-time performance. Current research on cooperative mainly focuses multi-sensor fusion technological optimizations. This article aims to find a high-precision stable solution for by addressing the limitations coordination. It reviews existing research, analyzing advantages key technologies specific Swarm. study also explores advancements in visual optimization,...

Abstract In this study, we propose a machine learning based approach to construct an empirical model of thermospheric mass densities, on the MultiLayer Perceptron and bi‐directional Long Short‐Term Memory for ensemble (MBiLE). The MBiLE was trained by using only density from Swarm C satellite at ∼450 km altitude. To assess performance model, predictions were compared with observations several satellites, namely, C, Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) Gravity Field Steady‐State Ocean...

Abstract The intense magnetic storm on 17–18 March 2015 caused large disturbances of the ionosphere. Based plasma density ( Ni ) observations performed by Swarm fleet satellites, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission, Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite, we characterize storm‐related perturbations at low latitudes. All these satellites sampled ionosphere in morning evening time sectors where modifications occurred. Modifications are closely related to...

Abstract Ten years of geomagnetic field observations by the CHAMP satellite are used for a systematic investigation counter equatorial electrojet (CEJ). For first time comprehensive characterization CEJ is presented. CEJs occur preferably during early morning, and their occurrence rate down to 4% at noon. The shows clear annual variation with peak around July–August secondary in January. late summer related effect meteor dust ablation. amplitude closely controlled magnetic activity, showing...

Abstract In this study we have provided new insights into the local time gradient of F region electron density (Δ Ne ) derived from lower pair Swarm satellites flying side by side. Our result shows that ( increase starts just at sunrise, around 06:00 LT, simultaneously low and middle latitudes due to increased photoionization. At equatorial in gets even steeper after 07:00 steepest (about 3 · 10 m −3 within 6 min) occurs 09:00 LT. We suggest upward vertical plasma drift connection with...

Abstract. Similar to the Dst index, SYM-H index may also serve as an indicator of magnetic storm intensity, but having distinct advantage higher time-resolution. In this study NARX neural network has been used for first time predict from solar wind (SW) and IMF parameters. total 73 intervals great events with IMF/SW data available ACE satellite during 1998 2006 are establish ANN model. Out them, 67 train other 6 samples test. Additionally, prediction model is validated using WIND 7 storms...

Abstract. By using the accelerometer measurements from CHAMP and GRACE satellites, tidal signatures of thermospheric mass density zonal wind at midlatitudes have been analyzed in this study. The results show that southern are dominated by a longitudinal wave-1 pattern. most prominent components diurnal tides D0 DW2 semidiurnal SW1 SW3. This is consistent with F region electron as reported Xiong Lühr (2014). These same observed both ionospheric quantities, supporting mechanism non-migrating...

Abstract Using 2 years of magnetic field measurements from the Swarm constellation, we present a detailed study equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and its longitudinal gradient (ΔEEJ). This represents for first time tidal characteristics derived EEJ. Our analysis mainly focuses on months around August (133 days centered 15 August, day year: 161–293) 2014 2015 when wave number 4 (WN4) pattern is known to be most prominent. The EEJ intensity, average A C current estimates, peaks 11:30 LT exhibits...

Abstract. In this paper we use more than a decade of in situ electron density observations from CHAMP and GRACE satellites to investigate the solar activity dependence nonmigrating tides at both low middle latitudes. The results indicate that longitudinal patterns F region vary with season latitude, which are exhibiting wavenumber 4 (WN4) pattern around September equinox latitudes WN1/WN2 during local summer southern/northern These wave ionosphere can clearly be seen maximum minimum years....

Abstract In this study we used the Level‐2 product of field‐aligned currents (FACs) from Swarm satellites, to check distribution characteristics small‐scale FACs (SSFACs) intense amplitude. Data applied covers 9 years December 2013 April 2023. Based on statistical analysis amplitude, SSFACs in is defined with amplitude larger than 20 μA/m 2 , which also by two orders well‐known large‐scale R1 and R2 (about 0.2 ). Such an indicates that it should play important role magnetosphere‐ionosphere...

Abstract By utilizing the high‐resolution and precise vector magnetic field measurements from CHAMP during 2001–2005, characteristics of net auroral currents calculated by Ampère's integral law are comprehensively investigated. It is found that deduced noon‐midnight (dawn‐dusk) orbits directed duskward (antisunward). The intensities increase linearly when merging electric ( E m ) growing, exhibiting maximum values about 2 (1) MA for (antisunward) exceeds 4 mV/m. For first time seasonal...

The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission provides a good opportunity to investigate altitude profile of thermospheric wind. In this study, we used red line measurements MIGHTI compare with estimated results by Horizontal Wind Model (HWM-14). Data selected include both geomagnetic quiet period (December 2019 August 2022) and storm on 26-28th 2021. During periods, estimations neutral winds...

Abstract By utilizing the close orbital separation between Swarm A and C during Counter Rotation Orbit phase, we check agreement stationarity FAC‐associated magnetic signatures at two spacecraft through cross‐correlation analysis. When are passed, signature is considered suitable for small meso‐scale Field‐aligned currents (FAC) estimates with dual‐spacecraft technique. It found that low middle latitudes dayside wave structure apparent periods of about 10–60s can be observed around 90% time...

Abstract ESA’s constellation mission Swarm with its three identical spacecraft allows the separation of spatial and temporal variations wave phenomena. Here we investigate modulation equatorial electrojet (EEJ) amplitude by solar tides planetary waves. This is first study to exploit short‐term variability these signals in EEJ. Based on 6‐day data sets quasi‐simultaneous observations from well separated A B derive amplitudes phases prominent Tidal can vary a factor 2 week week. Conversely,...

Abstract Based on 5 years (2001–2005) of magnetic field measurements made by the CHAMP satellite, latitudinal profiles equatorial electrojet (EEJ) have been derived. This study provides a comprehensive characterization reverse current EEJ sidebands. These westward currents peak at ±5° quasi‐dipole latitude with typical amplitudes 35% main EEJ. The diurnal amplitude variation is quite comparable that Similarly to EEJ, intensity increasing solar EUV flux, but steeper slope, indicating not only...

Abstract Thanks to mapping missions, like Ørsted, CHAMP, and Swarm, we have gained a detailed understanding of the geomagnetic field. High‐resolution models POMME, GRIMM, or CHAOS are able describe main parts Earth's magnetic field reliably. These represent well contributions from core crustal fields. But their validity describing magnetospheric effects is limited low activity periods (Kp ~ 0–2). Here, study differences between CHAMP observations predictions CHAOS‐6‐x9, recent version,...

Abstract Ionospheric currents have widely been investigated by using magnetic measurements from low‐Earth orbiting satellites. However, the assumptions of deriving not always well considered. In this study we performed a detailed analysis ionospheric radial current (IRC) and inter‐hemispheric field‐aligned (IHFAC) estimates at equatorial low latitudes derived single‐satellite dual‐spacecraft (dual‐SC) approaches European Space Agency (ESA's) Swarm constellation. Data considered cover 5‐year...

Abstract The Swarm satellite constellation provides an excellent opportunity to explore ionospheric current systems. In this study, we have reanalyzed the currents derived by dual‐satellite approach, investigate characteristic of inter‐hemispheric field‐aligned (IHFAC). One major improvement is that influence ambient magnetic field on IHFAC intensity has been taken into account, and densities are normalized their E‐region footprints. addition, extended analysis middle latitudes within ±60°...

Abstract In this study we performed a detailed analysis on the scale-size of field-aligned currents (FACs) at auroral latitudes, using well-calibrated magnetic data from non-dedicated field mission, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO). With two spacecraft following each other, GRACE-FO provides good opportunity to identify variation FACs with different scale lengths. The results show that can be classified into groups: small-scale ones, shorter than some tens...

Abstract. The controls of merging electrical field, Em, and IMF (interplanetary magnetic field) magnitude, B, on the storm-time changes in upper thermospheric mass density are statistically investigated using GRACE accelerometer observations OMNI data solar wind for 35 great storms during 2002–2006. It reveals following: (1) correlation coefficients between air parameters Em B generally larger at lower latitudes than higher latitudes, noon midnight sectors dawn dusk. (2) most likely delay...

Abstract By utilizing magnetic field measurements collected by CHAMP during the years 2001–2009, average characteristics of nighttime ionospheric zonal currents at middle and low latitudes are investigated. We provide for first time detailed dependencies these on location, local time, season, level solar activity. The main results obtained (1) F‐region altitude, derived from vertical component, exhibit height‐integrated current densities up to 10 mA/m. amplitude varies quasi‐linearly with...

Abstract In this study we make use of the closely spaced Swarm A and C spacecraft to determine main wave parameters micro‐pulsation in Pc1 range. Generally, interpretation events satellite recordings suffers from spatial/temporal ambiguity such data. To resolve that problem, for first time 0.2–5 Hz apparent frequency range high‐resolution magnetic field data A/C pair. Particularly suitable analysis is period Counter Rotating Orbit Phase 2021. During along‐track distance between was varied 2...