Distribution factors play a key role in many system security analysis and market applications. The injection shift (ISFs) are the basic that serve as building blocks of other distribution factors. line outage (LODFs) may be computed using ISFs and, fact, iteratively evaluated when more than one is considered. prominent cascading outages recent blackouts has created need applications for evaluating LODFs under multiple-line outages. In this letter, we present an analytic, closed-form...

The misalignment between the transmitting (Tx) coil and receiving (Rx) is an urgent problem in drone charging system using wireless power transfer technology. coupling coefficient so low when resonance coils not aligned, which degrades performance. In this article, optimization processes of mechanism are presented detail. First, we illustrate great superiority unequally spaced Tx coil, compared with traditional uniformly one. Then, a genetic algorithm to optimize side lengths highlighted by...

In amount of practical applications wireless power transfer (WPT), charging electric vehicles (EVs) has attracted much attention. Dynamic WPT is considered as a solution to the problem battery bottleneck and difficulty convenient encountered in development EV. However, can hardly be maintained stable under large coil misalignment movement. What more, efficiency will decline correspondingly. A method optimisation design presented from perspective against for dynamic series–series (SS) system....

In order to meet both safety and efficiency requirements of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, reducing electromagnetic field (EMF) leakage improving are critical factors in the implementation systems. Recently, metamaterials have exhibited ability control wave propagation. this paper, WPT system integrating with near-field mu-near-zero (NF-MNZ) mu-negative permeability (MNG) is proposed EMF below a certain level improve efficiency. The NF-MNZ MNG placed on sides middle system,...

In this letter, a new kind of transmitter for uniform magnetic field distribution over relatively long-distance wireless charging plane is proposed. The transmitting coil composed multiple series square windings. Each winding consists set concentric loops. spiral directions two adjacent windings are opposite. theoretical analysis shows, compared with conventional unidirectional coil, the proposed multiple-antiparallel can effectively enhance height field. Furthermore, planar power transfer...

Compared to air surroundings, the marine environment is not stable due influence of ocean currents and other factors. Misalignments always occur inevitably when autonomous underwater vehicles are charging wirelessly in docking station. Therefore, misalignment insensitive wireless power transfer system need be investigated. In this article, a novel hybrid transmitter composed conical planar spiral coils proposed that greatly improves tolerance performance. First, coil tilt angle theory (CTAT)...

In this letter, a simultaneous wireless power and data transfer system based on novel multidirectional magnetic coupler is presented for the application of swarm AUVs. The transmitting coil consisting two reversely wound helix loops can generate field in space, which supplies to multiple arc-shaped receiving coils placed different directions. Aiming at high coupling strength low core volume, multiobjective genetic algorithm used optimize parameters. addition, hybrid injection communication...

Underwater sparks have long been used in many fields, but up until now there are no widely accepted model for them. In this article we present a more practical them, taking into account the nature of plasma pulsed discharge water, where following corrections included: (1) correction ionization potentials; (2) pressure caused by effect charge interaction on bound state electrons; (3) line spectra; and (4) mass flow evaporation, condensation, bubble wall ablation. Using model, time-varying...

This paper describes a microwave plasma jet in an argon atmosphere capable of generating filamentary streamer discharges within the entire quartz tube excited by surface waves plasmon polaritons (SPPs) located tube. Several discharge streamers are immediately produced at end copper wire when incident power reaches 20 W. From simulations, wavelength wave was found to be approximately 5.7 cm. Although developing induce E-field enhancements favoring discharging, more bifurcations requiring...

The propagation of an electromagnetic wave in atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) layer is described numerically with integral-differential equation. When the passes through APP layer, amplitude and phase transmission electric field are obviously modulated by electron density collision frequency between electrons neutrals APP. dependences behaviors, such as shift, coefficient transmission, reflection absorption, on these characteristics presented. Appleton’s equation derived from...

Recently, we have reported a microwave plasma jet at atmosphere in argon, capable of generating filamentary streamer discharges within the entire quartz tube, while several bifurcations yield end copper wire immediately tube when incident power reaches 20 W. However, ionization process for is still not very well clarified. This paper shows numerical study proposed by means 2D3V particle cell with Monte Carlo collision method. The detailed information about distributions plasmas and...

In present study, a pulsed lower-power microwave-driven atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet has been introduced with the type of coaxial transmission line resonator. The plume is room air temperature, even can be directly touched by human body without any hot harm. order to study ionization process proposed jet, self-consistent hybrid fluid model constructed in which Maxwell's equations are solved numerically finite-difference time-domain method and used characteristics evolution. With...

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology offers a potential solution for the energy-supply problem. In this paper, we propose novel magnetic coupling mechanism omnidirectional and multiple-pickup energy based on dipole coils. Firstly, cubic transmitter structure capable of generating three-dimension (3D) homogeneous field is fabricated to weaken directional sensitivity receiving coil. Furthermore, direction current flowing through each coil also studied in detail. Numerical simulated...

In this letter, a novel kind of coupling mechanism for orientation insensitive and superior transmission performance is proposed. The transmitting coil comprised cubic-type magnetic dipole, which can achieve relatively omnidirectional wireless charging. receiving has two dipole coils that are perpendicular to each other, guaranteeing maximum flux reception from the transmitter. proposed verified by ANSYS Maxwell software. <i>LCC</i>-S compensation topology implemented load-independent...

The principle of surface wave plasma discharge in a rectangular cavity is introduced and the distribution electromagnetic field within waveguide analysed. A novel structure slot antenna array presented. In comparison with traditional slotantenna, it shown that designed can excite effectively coupling into chamber, generate stable large-area high-density plasma. These results are useful for exploring optimized design slot-antenna plasmas.

In the present study, atmospheric pressure argon plasma jets driven by lower-power pulsed microwaves have been proposed with a type of hairpin resonator. The jet plume demonstrates distinctive characteristics, like arched pattern and local bullets. order to understand how resonator works, electromagnetic simulation electric field distribution self-consistent fluid interaction between enhanced pulse are studied. Simulated spatio-temporal distributions field, electron temperature, density,...

We analyze the electromagnetic interaction between local surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and an atmospheric wave plasma jet (ASWPJ) in combination with our designed discharge device. Before discharge, excitation of SPPs spatial distribution enhanced electric field are analyzed. During critical breakdown gases at gas pressure converted into electron waves resonant points studied. After ionization development process ASWPJ is simulated using a two-dimensional fluid model. Our results suggest...

The wireless power transfer (WPT) has attracted considerable attention due to its convenience and reliability. However, the electromagnetic leakage of WPT can be harmful humans environment. In order meet safety requirements, nearby transmission channel should controlled below a certain level. Beyond ferrite metallic shields, several researchers have proposed mu-near-zero metamaterial (MNZ MM). little work researches application MNZ MM in four-coil systems. Here, authors propose an optimised...

For the wireless power transfer (WPT) system in electric vehicle (EV) applications, a serious concern lies leakage electromagnetic field (EMF) emission. In order to address this issue, article presents dual-band coil array (DB-CA) with novel high-order circuit (HOC) compensation. The most attractive feature of DB-CA is that both first and third harmonics EMF can be reduced simultaneously, while still resonates at same frequency. A detailed mathematical model established intuitively reveal...

The properties of electromagnetic waves in atmospheric pressure plasmas are investigated with the Lorentz model. effects wave frequency, plasma density, and electron-neutral collision frequency on attenuation discussed. numerical results indicate that is stronger at region longer wavelength higher density.

The present study presents a plasma source, capable of generating overdense below the whole quartz plate while exciting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) by means subwavelength diffraction grating. wavelength wave, calculated on either discharge image or simulated electric field distribution graph, is about 5.7 cm, which approximates theoretical value calculation SPP dispersion equation in plasma. operation mechanism heating attributed to resonant excitation SPPs and its dissipation