The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Ascl1/Mash1, Hes1, and Olig2 regulate fate choice of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, respectively. These same are coexpressed by neural progenitor cells. Here, we found time-lapse imaging that these expressed in an oscillatory manner mouse In each differentiation lineage, one the becomes dominant. We used optogenetics to control expression Ascl1 that, although sustained promotes neuronal determination, maintains proliferating Thus,...

Tracking stem cell fate in time and space After injury during homeostasis, tissues rely on the balance of loss renewal. Rompolas et al. visualized individual cells over their lifetime epidermis live mice. multiple generations revealed that tissue homeostasis mouse is not maintained by asymmetric division as previously thought, but through coordination sibling lifetimes. Furthermore, differentiating reused existing spatial organization epidermis. Science , this issue p. 1471

Abstract Highly regenerative tissues continuously produce terminally differentiated cells to replace those that are lost. How they orchestrate the complex transition from undifferentiated stem towards post-mitotic, molecularly distinct and often spatially segregated populations is not well understood. In adult skin epidermis, cell compartment contains heterogeneous subpopulations 1–4 whose relationship complete trajectory of differentiation remains unknown. Here we show differentiation,...

We study the dynamical phase transitions (DPTs) appearing for a single Brownian particle without drift. first explore how first-order DPTs in large deviations can be found even any force upon raising dimension to higher than 4. The accompany temporal separations their paths, which we numerically confirm by fitting scaling functions. next investigate second-order appear one-dimensional free motion choosing observable, essentially captures localization transition of trajectories. discuss and...

Elimination of seemingly unnecessary variables in Markovian models may cause a difference the value irreversible entropy production between original and reduced dynamics. We show that such difference, which we call hidden production, obeys an integral fluctuation theorem if all are time-reversal invariant, or density function is symmetric with respect to change sign antisymmetric variables. The has wide applicability, since proposed condition mostly satisfied case where fast equilibrated....

We introduce an information heat engine that is autonomous (i.e., without any time-dependent parameter) but has separated measurement and feedback processes. This model serves as a bridge between different types of engines inspired by Maxwell's demon; from the original Szilard-engine type systems to demonic setups. By analyzing our on basis general framework introduced in previous paper (Shiraishi Sagawa 2015 Phys. Rev. E 91 012130), we clarify role separation integral fluctuation theorems.

Cells contain multiple condensates which spontaneously form due to the heterotypic interactions between their components. Although proteins and disordered region sequences that are responsible for condensate formation have been extensively studied, rule of components allow demixing, i.e., coexistence condensates, is yet be elucidated. Here, we construct an effective theory interaction heteropolymers by fitting it molecular dynamics simulation results obtained more than 200 sampled from...

Monolayers of confluent elongated cells are frequently considered active nematics, featuring $$\pm \frac{1}{2}$$ topological defects. In extensile systems, where extend further along their long axis, they can accumulate at $$+\frac{1}{2}$$ defects and escape from $$-\frac{1}{2}$$ Nevertheless, collective dynamics surrounding integer remain insufficiently understood. We induce diverse + 1 (asters, spirals, targets) within neural progenitor cell monolayers using microfabricated patterns....

Energy flows in biomolecular motors and machines are vital to their function. Yet experimental observations often limited a small subset of variables that participate energy transport dissipation. Here we show, through solvable Langevin model, the seemingly hidden entropy production is measurable violation spectrum fluctuation-response relation slow observable. For general Markov systems with time scale separation, prove exhibits characteristic plateau intermediate frequency region. Despite...

We study a non-Hermitian quantum many-body model in one dimension analogous to the Vicsek or active spin models, and investigate its phase transitions. The consists of two-component hard-core bosons with ferromagnetic interactions activity, i.e., spin-dependent asymmetric hopping. Numerical results show emergence order induced by counterpart flocking, that even survives absence interaction. confirm this phenomenon proving activity generally increases ground-state energies paramagnetic...

Abstract High turnover tissues continually lose specialized cells that are replaced by stem cell activity. In the adult mammalian epidermis, it is unclear how molecularly heterogenous stem/progenitor populations fit into complete trajectory of epidermal differentiation. We show differentiation, from commitment to exit layer, a multi-day process wherein transit through continuum transcriptional changes. Differentiation-committed remain capable dividing produce daughter fated further...

Robustness in developing and homeostatic tissues is supported by various types of spatiotemporal cell-to-cell interactions. Although live imaging cell tracking are powerful providing direct evidence coordination rules, extracting comparing these rules across many with potentially different length timescales requires a versatile framework analysis. Here we demonstrate that graph neural network (GNN) models suited for this purpose, showing how they can be applied to predict fate utilized infer...

We investigate the phase transition properties of polymer-Potts model, a chain composed monomers with magnetic degrees freedom, motivation to study conformation and mark switching dynamics chromatin. By mean-field approximation, we find that between swollen-disordered state compact-ordered is discrete; it first order as in long-range Potts but significantly larger jump magnetization (i.e., coherence) upon ordering transition. The results imply how small changes epigenetic writer...

Many of the biological phenomena involve collective dynamics driven by self-propelled motion and nonequilibrium force (i.e., activity) that result in features unexpected from equilibrium physics. On other hand, experiments utilizing molecular motors, bacteria, mammalian cells have served as ideal setups to probe effect activity materials compare with theory. As has been established, however, biomolecules are chiral nature, which can lead patterning even left-right symmetry breaking our body....

A crowd of nonequilibrium entities can show phase transition behaviors that are prohibited in conventional equilibrium setups. An interesting question is whether similar activity-driven transitions also occur pure quantum systems. Here we investigate a classical anisotropic lattice gas model undergoes motility-induced separation and extend the to regime. The resulting many-body induced by non-Hermiticity. diagram includes active involving separation, microphase flocking. identified as...

Cells contain multiple condensates which spontaneously form due to the heterotypic interactions between their components. Although proteins and disordered region sequences that are responsible for condensate formation have been extensively studied, rule of components allow demixing, i.e., coexistence condensates, is yet be elucidated. Here we construct an effective theory interaction heteropolymers by fitting it molecular dynamics simulation results obtained more than 200 sampled from...

Abstract Sheets of confluent cells are often considered as active nematics, with accumulation at topological defects and escape from being widely recognized. However, collective dynamics surrounding integer-charge remain poorly understood, despite its biological importance. By using microfabricated patterns, we induce diverse +1 (aster, spirals, target) within monolayers neural progenitor cells. Remarkably, consistently attracted to the core regardless their type, challenging existing...

We study the asymptotic behaviors of stochastic cell fate decision between proliferation and differentiation. propose a model self-replicating Langevin system, where cells choose their (i.e. or differentiation) depending on local density. Based this model, we scenario for multi-cellular organisms to maintain density (i.e., homeostasis) through finite-ranged cell-cell interactions. Furthermore, numerically show that distribution number descendant changes over time, thus unifying previously...

Particle tracking is an important step of analysis in a variety scientific fields and particularly indispensable for the construction cellular lineages from live images. Although various supervised machine learning methods have been developed cell tracking, diversity data still necessitates heuristic that require parameter estimations small amounts data. For this, solving as linear assignment problem (LAP) has widely applied demonstrated to be efficient. However, there no implementation...

Many adult tissues are dynamically sustained by the rapid turnover of stem cells. Yet, how cell fates such as self-renewal and differentiation orchestrated to achieve long-term homeostasis remains elusive. Studies utilizing clonal tracing experiments in multiple have argued that while fate is balanced at population level, individual - divide or differentiate – determined intrinsically each seemingly random ( 1 2 3 4 5). These studies leave open question regulated balance across tissue. Stem...

By considering general Markov stochastic dynamics and its coarse graining, we study the framework of thermodynamics for original reduced descriptions corresponding to different scales. We are especially concerned with case where irreversible entropy production has a finite difference between find that sum increment nonequilibrium excess part production, which key quantities in construction steady-state thermodynamics, is essentially kept invariant respect change scales description. This...