As COVID-19 dramatically changes human social life, restrictive lockdown periods to slow the spread of virus have been suggested particularly affect psychological well-being children and their families. To capture lockdown-related effects on a large scale, present study used an online questionnaire completed by parents 3-10-year-olds during most period in Germany thus far ( N = 2,672). Parents reported stress level, child’s well-being, problem behaviors among others. Results showed that...

Abstract As COVID-19 sweeps across the globe, scientists have identified children and families as possibly particularily vulnerable populations. The present study employed a developmental framework with two measurement points (the first at peak of lockdown restrictions ( N = 2,921), second after had been majorly loosened 890)) to provide unique insights into relations between parental strain, child well-being, problem behavior. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed longitudinal effects...

Abstract As the COVID-19 pandemic further unfolds, it becomes a key theoretical and practical question to identify trajectories of child psychological well-being explore risk resilience factors for developmental adjustment. The current study addressed this research gap by means an ecological design: A (lockdown)–B (relaxation)–B (relaxation)–A (lockdown). We collected parental reports via online questionnaires over four measurement occasions during in Germany (non-probabilistic sample): from...

Abstract The present study investigated preschoolers' multiple sociomoral considerations (equality, equity, and perpetuating inequality) in a third‐party context of social inequality. Using resource allocation task involving one wealthy poor character, we examined how 3–5‐year‐old children ( N = 100) allocated either necessary (must‐have) or luxury (nice‐to‐have) resources. In addition, emotions, reasoning, judgments were assessed. Results indicated that preschoolers distributing more...

How should one respond to ubiquitous economic inequalities? The legend Robin Hood suggests take away from the wealthy benefit poor, whereas another strategy holds opposite (Matthew effect). Here, 3- 8-year-old children (N = 140) witnessed protagonists performing redistributions (e.g., Hood, Matthew) of necessary and luxury resources between a poor child. Results showed that, with age, increasingly approved disapproved Matthew. In addition, reasoning about others' welfare mediated effect age...

Recent research has shown that preschool children tend to preferentially allocate resources rich than poor others. The findings young perpetuate inequalities are puzzling given classical developmental theories largely focused on the emergence of equality and equity in childhood. In this review, we first sketch early ontogeny fairness concerns before providing an overview studies reporting perpetuation inequality children. We review four (Piaget, Kohlberg, Damon, Social Domain Theory) discuss...

Developmental theories have proposed caregiver reactions, in particular caregivers' moral reasoning with their children, as crucial factors children's developing morality. Yet, empirical evidence is scarce and mainly restricted to laboratory contexts. Here, we used the ambulatory assessment method investigate how responses transgressions longitudinally relate emerging agency. On first measurement point, mothers (N = 220) reported on nine consecutive evenings a transgression of 5-...

As COVID-19 dramatically changes human social life, restrictive lockdown periods to slow the spread of virus have been suggested particularly affect psychological well-being children and their families. To capture lockdown-related effects on a large scale, present study used an online questionnaire completed by parents 3-10-year-olds during most period in Germany thus far (N = 2,672). Parents reported stress level, child’s well-being, problem behaviors among others. Results showed that...

Major developmental theories allot imitation a pivotal role in the cultural acquisition of social norms. Although there exists considerable evidence young children's norm enforcement behavior, ontogenetic emergence normativity and is debated. Here, we assessed two pathways how general tendencies might relate to enforcement: The compliance path holds that lead displaying compliant which turn predicts toward third parties. internalization suggests an internal representation normative rules. As...

Caregivers' moral reactions to young children's transgressions are informative environmental responses for developing understanding of morality. One central question concerns by which age parents hold their children responsible transgressions. This study indirectly investigated this having and non-parents (N = 150) rate the appropriateness caregivers' non-moral 6-month-old, 1-year-old, 2-year-old, 4-year-old children. Transgressions were presented as short video clips in an online survey....

Recent research has provided evidence for a substantial impact of children's peer status on positive and adaptive development. The current study investigated how 3‐ to 7‐year‐old preschoolers’ ( N = 118) sharing behaviour expectations towards friend non‐friend relate their popularity among peers. Children distributed resources between themselves as well predicted another protagonist's in the same situation. In addition, teachers rated problematic peers status. Multilevel analysis revealed...

Research Findings: Social constructivist theories have proposed that caregivers' perceptions of children as morally responsible agents are an important factor in children's moral development. However, there is substantial variance ascriptions agency to young children. The present study examined caregiver social conformity and reflective functioning factors potentially explaining these interindividual differences. We presented caregivers (N = 232) with videos (age: 10 months, 30 months)...

Growing economic inequalities are crucial issues of modern societies. Some mostly caused by individual factors (e.g., merit), while others follow from structural asymmetries gender). Redistributive justice represents an ethical landmark in responding to inequalities. However, it is unclear what role and play children's judgments redistributive justice: 1) Do children perceive ownership claims as differently legitimate depending on the cause inequality (individual vs. structural)? 2) show a...

Prosoziales Verhalten spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der kindlichen Entwicklung. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte die Ausprägung von drei prosozialen Verhaltensweisen (Helfen, Trösten, Teilen) bei 3–6-jährigen Kindern mit Sprachentwicklungsstörungen (SES) und einer Kontrollgruppe. Beide Gruppen unterschieden sich nicht im Ausmaß instrumenteller Hilfe. Kinder SES zeigten weniger Tröstverhaltensweisen, wenn sie Person konfrontiert wurden, Schmerzen hatte. Im Großzügigkeit beim Teilen gab es...