Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is an attractive technique to achieve high rate transmission without increasing the bandwidth. A great deal of attention has been devoted study bit error (BER) performance QAM, and approximate expressions for probability QAM have developed in many places literature. However, exact general BER expression with arbitrary constellation size not derived yet. We provide closed-form one-dimensional two-dimensional modulations, i.e., PAM under additive white...

Deep neural network (DNN) has recently received much attention due to its superior performance in classifying data with complex structure. In this paper, we investigate application of DNN technique automatic classification modulation classes for digitally modulated signals. First, select twenty one statistical features which exhibit good separation empirical distributions all formats considered (i.e., BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM). These are extracted from the signal samples used as...

So far the general expression of bit error rate (BER) has not been derived for M-ary square quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In this paper, a generalized closed-form BER QAM with Gray code mapping is and analyzed in presence additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.

It is important to understand the properties of spatial correlation matrices in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, we derive new bounds for maximum and minimum eigenvalues characterized by exponential model. The upper are tighter than previously known bounds. Moreover, lower bound eigenvalue, which has not yet been derived literature as a function number antennas, also tight. order predict behavior these bounds, investigate gap between These directly applicable...

In this paper, we propose a deep neural network (DNN)-based automatic modulation classification (AMC) for digital communications. While conventional AMC techniques perform well additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, accuracy degrades fading channels where the amplitude and phase of channel gain change in time. The key contributions paper are two phases. First, analyze effectiveness variety statistical features task channels. We reveal that shown to be effective different from those...

In this paper, we derive new exact and general expressions for the symbol error rate (SER) bit (BER) of M-ary θ-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) M = 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</sup> , I ≥ 4, based on not only square-QAM (SQAM) xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2l</sup> but cross-QAM (CQAM) as well, +1, in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) various fading channels; also present optimum angle constellation...

This paper proposes a blind interleaver parameters estimation method enhanced by identifying relatively error-less partial symbols among intercepted streams. By exploiting the distribution of ranks random matrices, we can choose having small errors. Calculating rank matrix constructed using these improve parameters. Experimental results show that proposed algorithm performs better than previous ones.

In this paper, we propose high performance blind modulation classification (BMC) technique based on deep neural network (DNN) for fading channels. First, provide the large and diverse set of features that exhibit statistical relevance to class in Then, use those train DNN classify class. Owing capability learn complex structure dimensional feature space, proposed scheme achieves excellent accuracy using a number challenging environments. Numerical evaluation demonstrates superiority over...

While the performance analysis of linear zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receivers has received much attention, there been no exact closed-form distribution signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for MMSE multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in arbitrary fading environments over past 20 years. In this paper, an general SINR MIMO is presented under uncorrelated Rayleigh environments. We start our by finding regular patterns from probability density...

A simple and general bit metric generation method by using the log likelihood ratio (LLR) for a Gray coded QAM signal over an additive white Gaussian noise channel is proposed. The mathematical max (min) functions of conventional LLR expression are replaced with basic arithmetic functions. Since derived can be used as soft input to binary turbo decoder, it suitable practical applications decoder or other related alternative methods.

This paper focuses on the frequency allocation (FA) schemes between a macro-cell base station (MBS) and femtocells in hiearachical cell structure. We present two simple methods among many cases of FA schemes. One is co-channel scheme which band shared MBS femtocells. The other an orthogonal separately allocated Through computer simulation, we demonstrate has coverage extension compared with as well without

In this letter, we derive an exact and general closed-form expression for the bit error rate (BER) of Gray coded M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) in presence a fixed error. We also propose very simple tight approximate from derived expression. To validate exactness proposed tightness approximation, compare results obtained expressions with those computer simulations. present average BER MPSK random errors caused by phase-locked loop or imperfect channel estimation using expressions.

Pb-free solders based on Sn-Ag-Cu are currently applied to electronic devices. This article investigates the thermomechanical reliability of three different compositions solder joints, Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu, Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu, and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu in a harsh environment. First, we perform temperature cycling test (TCT) thermal shock (TST) at temperatures from –55 125 °C. In addition, conduct combined vibration (TSVT) using HALT chamber, –65 150 °C an acceleration up (15 ± 1) Grms, considering automotive...

This paper provides a new, exact, and general expression involving 1-D 2-D Q-functions for the bit error probability of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) fading channels when Gray code mapping is employed. Regular patterns in xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> th are observed while developing rate (BER) expression. From these patterns, we...

It is well known that the distribution of ranks random matrices follows a specific distribution. By partitioning into two possible outcomes, we can transform estimating interleaver parameters counting success events. Using this probabilistic framework, efficiently determine in noncooperative context.

In mobile communication systems, one of the most significant factors bit-error-rate (BER) performance degradation M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) is random phase error caused by phase-locked loop (PLL) or imperfect channel estimation. For high-signal-to-noise-power-ratio (SNR) regions, effect on BER becomes dominant and results in an irreducible called bit floor. this paper, we derive a floor expression Gray-coded MPSK when exists show that fading channels converges to additive white...

M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-ary QAM) is an attractive technique to achieve high rate transmission without increasing the bandwidth in wireless communication systems. A great deal of attention has been devoted study bit error (BER) performance square QAM constellations. Approximate expressions for probabilities have recently developed by J.J. Lu et al. (1999) and L. Yang Hanzo (2000) based on signal-space concepts recursive algorithms, respectively. However, it only that exact...

This letter provides a new expression for the probability of phase angle between two vectors perturbed by Gaussian noise with in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) unbalance, in order to simplify analysis error probabilities M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK). The probabilities, symbol-error rates, or bit-error rates MPSK I/Q balance can be presented straightforwardly from derived expression. Because newly result is provided terms conventional first-order Q-function and joint correlation coefficient...

A simple and general bit log-likelihood ratio (LLR) expression is provided for Gray-coded rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (R-QAM) signals. The characteristics of Gray code mapping such as symmetries repeated formats the assignment in a symbol among groups are applied effectively simplification LLR expression. In order to reduce complexity max-log-MAP algorithm calculation, we replace mathematical max or min function conventional with arithmetic functions. addition, propose an...

In the LTE-advanced system, cell edge user equipments (UEs) are affected by interference signals transmitted from other cells. For this reason, an inter coordination (ICIC) technique is required. The goal of ICIC to improve coverage and increase throughput. paper, through a system level simulation, we show throughput each multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission mode according algorithms, analyze practical effects on performance various MIMO modes.

We derive the probability density function (PDF) of a received radar signal in presence multipath when reflecting surface with an arbitrary reflection coefficient exists. Using PDF, we present detection probabilities nonfluctuating targets for various coefficients and analyze effect on detection.

In a non-cooperative context, sequence acquired from remote sensing through satellites and aircraft can be recognized as an unknown to receiver who lacks the information of transmission parameters. Therefore, parameters have estimated reconstruct sequence. This paper focuses on estimation interleaving period among proposes improved method blindly estimate period. Through computer simulations, we validate by analyzing performance in terms detection probability false alarm fading channel.