J. Neurochem. (2011) 119 , 932–944. Abstract Brain norepinephrine and dopamine regulate a variety of critical behaviors such as stress, learning, memory, drug addiction. In this study, we demonstrate differences in the regulation vivo neurotransmission for anterior nucleus accumbens (NAc) ventral bed stria terminalis ( v BNST) anesthetized rat. Release two catecholamines was measured simultaneously using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry at different carbon‐fiber microelectrodes, each implanted...

The role and contribution of the dense noradrenergic innervation in ventral bed nucleus stria terminalis (vBNST) anteroventral thalamic (AV) to biological function animal behaviors is poorly understood due small size these nuclei. aim this study was compare norepinephrine release uptake vBNST with that AV anesthetized rats. Measurements were made vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry following electrical stimulation projection pathways, either dorsal bundle (DNB) or (VNB). substance detected...

Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used previously to detect neurotransmitter release and reuptake in vivo. An advantage that FSCV over other electrochemical techniques is its ability distinguish neurotransmitters of interest (i.e. monoamines) from their metabolites using respective characteristic voltammograms. While much learned with this technique, it generally only a single working electrode arrangement. Additionally, traditional fabrication tend be difficult somewhat...

Central norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) are involved in a variety of physiological functions behaviors. Accumulating evidence suggests that NE neurons originating from the locus coeruleus (LC) innervate DA ventral tegmental area (VTA) influence VTA-DA neural activity. However, underlying mechanisms how LC-NE regulates transmission via remain largely unexplored. Herein, we investigated electrical stimulation LC modulates neurotransmission nucleus accumbens (NAc). For this study,...

Continuous amperometry with a diamond microelectrode and video microscopy were used to record (in vitro) endogenous norepinephrine release simultaneously the evoked contractile response of mesenteric artery from healthy Sprague Dawley rat. Norepinephrine (NE) is vasoconstricting neurotransmitter released sympathetic nerves that innervate smooth muscle cell layers surrounding arteries veins. Using these two techniques along several drugs, NE at neuroeffector junctions nearby was measured as...

Norepinephrine (NE) is an easily oxidized neurotransmitter that found throughout the brain. Considerable evidence suggests it plays important role in neurocircuitry related to fear and anxiety responses. In certain subregions of bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST), NE large amounts. this work we probed differences electrically evoked release its regulation by norepinephrine transporter (NET) α(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor (α(2)-AR) two regions BNST anesthetized rats. was monitored dorsomedial...

Central dopamine and norepinephrine regulate behavioral physiological responses during rewarding aversive stimuli. Here, we investigated compared transmission in 2 limbic structures, the ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis accumbens shell anesthetized rats, respectively, response to acute tail pinch, a noxious stimulus. Norepinephrine release responded monophasically, increasing at time pinch remaining elevated for period after its cessation. In contrast, displayed heterogeneous...

As arteries are resistance blood vessels while veins perform a capacitance function, it might be expected that sympathetic neural control of and would differ. The function nerves supplying mesenteric (MA) (MV) in rats was investigated using vitro continuous amperometry with carbon fibre microelectrode video imaging. We simultaneously measured noradrenaline (NA) overflow at the vessel adventitial surface vasoconstriction evoked by electrical stimulation perivascular nerves. Sympathetic nerve...

Amylin, a pancreatic hormone that is cosecreted with insulin, has been highlighted as potential treatment target for obesity. Amylin receptors are distributed widely throughout the brain and coexpressed on mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Activation of amylin known to reduce food intake, but neurochemical mechanisms behind this remain be elucidated. receptor activation in ventral tegmental area (VTA), key dopaminergic nucleus reward system, potent ability suppress intake palatable fat sugar...

The olfactory tubercle (OT), an important component of the ventral striatum and limbic system, is involved in multi-sensory integration reward-related information brain. However, its functional roles are often overshadowed by neighboring nucleus accumbens. Increasing evidence has highlighted that dense dopamine (DA) innervation OT from tegmental area (VTA) implicated encoding reward, natural reinforcers, motivated behaviors. Recent studies have further suggested subregions may distinct these...

The olfactory tubercle (OT), as a component of the ventral striatum, serves an important multisensory integration center for reward-related processes in brain. Recent studies show that dense dopaminergic innervation from tegmental area (VTA) into OT may play outsized role disorders such psychostimulant addiction and motivation, increasing recent scientific interest this brain region. However, due to its anatomical inaccessibility, relative small size, proximity other dopamine-rich...

Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant that exerts many of its physiological and psychomotor effects by increasing extracellular dopamine (DA) concentrations in limbic brain regions. While several studies have focused on how potent, neurotoxic doses METH augment or attenuate DA transmission, the acute lower behaviorally activating modulating regulation (release clearance) through D2 autoreceptors transporters remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated...

Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that primarily exerts its effects on the catecholamine (dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)) systems, which are implicated in drug addiction. METH exists as two distinct enantiomers, dextrorotatory (d) levorotatory (l). In contrast to d-METH, major component of illicit used induce states euphoria alertness, l-METH available without prescription nasal decongestant has been highlighted potential agonist replacement therapy treat stimulant use...

Neurochemical recordings rely on electrochemical reactions of electroactive neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. This technique allows for highly sensitive monitoring in the brain. Traditionally, single-channel carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFE) have been considered gold standard method. However, an alternative approach involves use a array, which enables high spatiotemporal resolution imaging neurotransmitters. To enable neurochemical using development...

Norepinephrine (NE), one of the major catecholamines in brain, is involved many physiological and behavioral processes such as stress reward. Despite its important roles, NE remains largely unexplored compared to other central catecholamine, dopamine (DA). This due part diffuse distribution projections throughout brain accessibility neurons, complicating detection relatively low concentrations. Recent studies have demonstrated that vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry coupled with carbon-fiber...

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique with high spatial temporal (sub-second) resolution that has been utilized to examine DA several types of preparations. In vitro experiments single-cells slices vivo anesthetized rodents have used identify mechanisms mediate uptake under normal conditions disease models. Over...

Recent studies show that dense dopamine (DA) innervation from the ventral tegmental area to olfactory tubercle (OT) may play an important role in processing multisensory information pertaining arousal and reward, yet little is known about DA regulation OT. This mainly due anatomical limitations of conventional methods determining dynamics small heterogeneous OT subregions located most part brain. Additionally, there increasing awareness anteromedial anterolateral have distinct functional...