Three experiments examine how the type of language used to describe in-group and out-group behaviors contributes transmission persistence social stereotypes. Two tested hypothesis that people encode communicate desirable undesirable more abstractly than behaviors. Experiment 1 provided strong support for this using a fixed-response scale format controlling level abstractness developed from Semin Fiedler's (1988a) linguistic category model. 2 yielded same results with free-response format. 3...

Two laboratory experiments investigated the hypothesis that threat to male identity would increase likelihood of gender harassment. In both experiments, using computer harassment paradigm, university students (N=80 in Experiment 1, N=90 2) were exposed different types (legitimacy and group value 1 distinctiveness prototypicality or no then given opportunity send pornographic material a virtual female interaction partner. Results show (a) participants harassed partner more when they...

Three experiments examine how the type of language used to describe in-group and out-group behaviors contributes transmission persistence social stereotypes.Two tested hypothesis that people encode communicate desirable undesirable more abstractly than behaviors.Experiment 1 provided strong support for this using a fixed-response scale format controlling level abstractness developed from Semin Fiedler's (1988a) linguistic category model.Experiment 2 yielded same results with free-response...

This study investigated the role of negative thinking as a potential mediator performance deficits under stereotype threat. After being assigned to stereotype-threat or no-threat condition, 60 female participants were asked complete difficult math task. Using thought-listing technique, women threat reported higher number thoughts specifically related test and mathematics compared with in condition. Moreover, also showed sharp decrease that (a) was most pronounced second half (b) mediated by...

We examined possible explanations for the underrepresentation of women among university faculty, in two different national contexts. In Netherlands, a sample doctoral students (N = 132) revealed no gender differences work commitment or satisfaction. Faculty members same 179), however, perceived female to be less committed their and faculty endorsed these gender-stereotypical perceptions most strongly. A second study, Italy, replicated extended findings. Again, were obtained self-descriptions...

Previous research has shown a tendency for people to imagine simple sentences as evolving from left right, with the sentence subject being located of object. In two cross-cultural studies comparing Italian and Arab participants, we investigated whether this bias is function hemispheric specialization or directionality written language (left right in Italian, Arabic). Both found reversal directional Arabs. Italians tended position object, Arabs object (Experiment 1); both groups were...

To assess predictions from social identity development theory (SIDT; Nesdale, 2004 ) concerning children's ethnic/racial prejudice, 197 Anglo‐Australian children ages 7 or 9 years participated in a minimal group study as member of team that had norm inclusion exclusion. The was threatened not by an out‐group the same different race. Consistent with SIDT, prejudice greater when in‐group exclusion and there threat out‐group. Norms also interacted participant age to influence ethnic attitudes,...

Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate role expectancy as a potential mediator performance deficits under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, female students were assigned one three experimental conditions in which they told that women perform worse (Negative information), equally (Control) or better (Positive information) than men logical–mathematical tests. Later, given difficult math test and asked estimate their prior taking the test. Consistent with predictions, participants...

Abstract Objectification theory suggests that the bodies of women are sometimes reduced to their sexual body parts. As well, an extensive literature in cognitive psychology global processing underlies person recognition, whereas local object recognition. Integrating these literatures, we introduced and tested part recognition bias hypothesis women's (versus men's) would be parts minds perceivers. Specifically, adopted versus whole paradigm, which is a robust indicator processing. The...

Across two studies, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to objectifying television in which women are shown as sexual objects increases likelihood of harassing conduct. In both studies ( Ns = 141; 120), male participants were exposed one three TV clips portrayed (a) (objectifying TV), (b) professional roles, or (c) excluded (a nature documentary). Study 1 showed men reported greater proclivity engage coercion and manifested more gender-harassing behavior than other conditions. 2...

Over the last decades, use of explicit derogatory language (e.g., hate speech, slurs, micro-insults) has risen in many countries. We provide an overview on blatant discrimination, including its psychological antecedents and consequences. After presenting a working definition describing prevalence, we discuss social functions it serves role plays identity protection, legitimizing group hierarchies, establishing enforcing norms. Drawing from both socio-cognitive discursive traditions...

Linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) is the tendency to describe positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than behaviors. Two experiments investigated role of in-group-protective motives, by varying threat ingroup identity hunters vs. environmentalists (Experiment 1, N = 160) northern southern Italians 2, 212). Participants whose had or not been threatened described protagonists. In both experiments, LIB was greater under threat. Experiment 1 also showed that positively...

The linguistic intergroup bias describes the tendency to communicate positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than behaviors. This article investigated whether this is driven by differential expectancies or protective motives. In Experiment 1, northern southern Italian participants (N = 151) described of protagonists that were either congruent incongruent with stereotypic expectancies. Regardless valence, expectancy-congruent ones. 2 40) showed language used in an...

Abstract This study was conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities assess role perceived source credibility minority influence. The subjects were exposed simultaneous majority/minority paradigm. Ingroup more influential than minorities. Subjects moved toward position private majority public when represented by members ingroup. On responses not affected who argued for abortion, they became positive abortion opposed abortion. Final &, as credible greater...

Abstract This experiment tested predictions from social identity development theory (SIDT, Nesdale, 1999 ), that children's tendency to show out‐group prejudice depends on the strength of their in‐group identification and/or perception threat out‐group. Anglo‐Australian children (N= 480) aged 6, 7, or 9 years were assigned a high‐status team and with (high vs. low) was manipulated together (present absent). The members revealed be same (Anglo‐Australian) different (Pacific Islander)...

Six studies (N = 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person perception. In first 5 studies, targets were either described by an adjective (e.g., Mark is homosexual) or corresponding noun a both (Study 3). The authors predicted and found that nouns, more so than adjectives, (a) facilitate descriptor-congruent inferences but inhibit incongruent (Studies 1-3), (b) alternative classifications 4), (c) imply essentialism congruent not preferences 5). This was...

The current studies investigate the effects of homophobic labels on self-perception heterosexual males, hypothesizing that when exposed to epithets, they are motivated underline their masculinity and claim a distinctly identity by taking distance from homosexuals and, lesser degree, women. Heterosexual male participants were subliminally (Study 1) supraliminally 2) primed either epithet or category label, completed Traditional Beliefs About Gender Identity scale. Participants stressed...

The growing body of literature on the recognition sexual orientation from voice ("auditory gaydar") is silent cognitive and social consequences having a gay-/lesbian- versus heterosexual-sounding voice. We investigated this issue in four studies (overall N = 276), conducted Italian language, which heterosexual listeners were exposed to single-sentence samples gay/lesbian speakers. In all studies, found make gender-typical inferences about traits preferences speakers, but gender-atypical...