Language learnability and language devlopment revisited the acquisition theory - assumptions postulates phrase structure rules stucture developmental considerations inflection complementation control auxiliaries lexical entries rules.

Previous work has shown that bilingualism is associated with more effective controlled processing in children; the assumption constant management of 2 competing languages enhances executive functions (E. Bialystok, 2001). The present research attempted to determine whether this bilingual advantage persists for adults and attenuates negative effects aging on cognitive control older adults. Three studies are reported compared performance monolingual middle-aged Simon task. Bilingualism was...

The present paper summarizes research showing that bilingualism affects linguistic and cognitive performance across the lifespan. effect on is generally seen as a deficit in which bilingual children control smaller vocabulary than their monolingual peers adults perform more poorly rapid lexical retrieval tasks. to enhance executive functioning protect against decline of aging. These effects interact produce complex pattern regarding memory performance. Memory tasks based primarily verbal...

Studies often report that bilingual participants possess a smaller vocabulary in the language of testing than monolinguals, especially research with children. However, each study is based on small sample so it difficult to determine whether difference due sampling error. We results an analysis 1,738 children between 3 and 10 years old demonstrate consistent receptive two groups. Two preliminary analyses suggest this does not change different pairs largely confined words relevant home context...

Abstract In a previous study, bilingual advantage for preschool children in solving the dimensional change card sort task was attributed to superiority inhibition of attention ( Bialystok, 1999 ). However, includes difficult representational demands encode and interpret stimuli, bilinguals may also have profited from superior abilities. This possibility is examined three studies. Study 1, outperformed monolinguals on versions problem containing moderate but not more demanding condition....

Ninety-six participants, who were younger (20 years) or older (68 adults and either monolingual bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, executive control. Younger participants performed most of the better than confirming effect aging on these processes. The language group was different for each type task: Monolinguals bilinguals similarly memory tasks, monolinguals retrieval control with some evidence larger differences in tasks. These results replicate...

In the analysis and control framework, Bialystok identifies (representation) (selective attention) as components of language processing has shown that one these, control, develops earlier in bilingual children than comparable monolinguals. theory cognitive complexity (CCC), Zelazo Frye argue preschool lack conscious representation executive functioning needed to solve problems based on conflicting rules. The present study investigates whether advantage can be found a nonverbal task,...

Bilingual experience is dynamic and poses a challenge for researchers to develop instruments that capture its relevant dimensions. The present study examined responses from questionnaire administered 110 heterogeneous bilingual young adults. These questions concern participants' language use, acquisition history, self-reported proficiency. performances on standardised English proficiency measures were analysed using factor analysis. In order retain realistic representation of experience, the...

Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies demonstrated broad transfer from such performance on untrained cognitive activities. Here we report effects two interactive computerized programs developed for preschool children: one music visual art. After only 20 days training, children in group exhibited enhanced a measure verbal intelligence, with 90% sample showing this improvement....

Previous research has shown that bilingual children excel in tasks requiring inhibitory control to ignore a misleading perceptual cue. The present series of studies extends this finding by identifying the degree and type for which demonstrate advantage. Study 1 replicated earlier showing perform Simon task more rapidly than monolinguals, but only on conditions demands were high. next two compared performance required inhibition attention specific cue, like task, habitual response, day–night...

Contemporary research on bilingualism has been framed by two major discoveries. In the realm of language processing, studies comprehension and production show that bilinguals activate information about both languages when using one alone. Parallel activation demonstrated for highly proficient as well second learners appears to be present even distinct properties themselves might sufficient bias attention towards in use. cognitive executive function have a bilingual advantage, with...

A framework for relating degree of bilingualism to aspects linguistic awareness is presented in which metalinguistic tasks are described terms their demands analysis knowledge or control processing. Two studies reported children differing level were given problems solve that made on either control. The hypotheses all bilingual would perform better than monolingual requiring high levels processing and fully partially knowledge. results largely consistent with these predictions. findings...

<h3>Objectives:</h3> There is strong epidemiologic evidence to suggest that older adults who maintain an active lifestyle in terms of social, mental, and physical engagement are protected some degree against the onset dementia. Such factors said contribute cognitive reserve, which acts compensate for accumulation amyloid other brain pathologies. We present lifelong bilingualism a further factor contributing reserve. <h3>Methods:</h3> Data were collected from 211 consecutive patients...

Four groups of children in first grade were compared on early literacy tasks. Children three the bilingual, each group representing a different combination language and writing system, fourth monolingual speakers English. All bilingual used both languages daily learning to read languages. The solved decoding phonological awareness tasks, bilinguals completed all tasks Initial differences between factors that contribute controlled an analysis covariance, results showed general increment...

The article reports research investigating the way bilingualism affects cognitive and linguistic performance across life span. In general, appears to have both benefits costs. Regarding costs, bilinguals typically lower formal language proficiency than monolinguals do; for example, they smaller vocabularies weaker access lexical items. benefits, however, are that exhibit enhanced executive control in nonverbal tasks requiring conflict resolution, such as Stroop Simon tasks. These patterns...