Emotional stress responses, encompassing both reactivity and regulation, have been shown to differ between men women, but the neural networks supporting these processes remain unclear. The current study used functional neuroimaging (fMRI) investigate sex differences in responses during sex-specific relationships emotional for women. A significant by condition interaction revealed that showed greater prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions, whereas women had stronger limbic/striatal regions. Although...

Abstract Although the feeling of stress is ubiquitous, neural mechanisms underlying this affective experience remain unclear. Here, we investigate functional hippocampal connectivity throughout brain during an acute stressor and use machine learning to demonstrate that these networks can specifically predict subjective stress. During a stressor, with network including hypothalamus (known regulate physiological stress) predicts more stressed, whereas regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal...

The multiple-memory-systems framework-that distinct types of memory are supported by brain systems-has guided learning and research for decades. However, recent work challenges the one-to-one mapping between structures central to this taxonomy, with key memory-related supporting multiple functions across substructures. Here we integrate cross-species findings in hippocampus, striatum, amygdala propose an updated framework subsystems (MMSS). We provide evidence two organizational principles...

Acute stress has frequently been shown to impair cognitive flexibility. Most studies have examined the effect of on flexibility by measuring how changes performance in paradigms that require participants switch between different task demands. These processes typically implicate pFC function, a region known be impaired stress. However, is multifaceted construct. Another dimension flexibility, updating incorporate relevant information, involves dorsal striatum. Function this enhanced Using...

Stress can powerfully influence the way we form memories, particularly extent to which they are integrated or situated within an underlying spatiotemporal and broader knowledge architecture. These different representations in turn have significant consequences for use these memories guide later behavior. Puzzlingly, although stress has historically been argued promote fragmentation, leading disjoint memory representations, more recent work suggests that also facilitate binding integration....

Acute stress can modulate memory for individual parts of an event (items), but whether it similarly influences associations between items remains unclear. We used a within-subjects design to explore the influence acute on item and associative in humans. Participants associated negative words with neutral objects, rated their subjective arousal each pair, completed delayed paired recognition tasks. found strikingly different patterns effects memory: high-arousal pairs, preencoding enhanced...

Emotional events hold a privileged place in our memories, differing accuracy and structure from memories for neutral experiences. Although much work has focused on the pronounced differences memory negative experiences, there is growing evidence that positive may lead to more holistic, or integrated, memories. However, it unclear whether these affect-driven changes structure, which have been found highly controlled laboratory environments, extend real-world episodic We ran experiments...

Stress can powerfully influence episodic memory, often enhancing memory encoding for emotionally salient information. These stress-induced enhancements stand at odds with demonstrations that stress and the stress-related hormone cortisol negatively affect hippocampus, a brain region important encoding. To resolve this apparent conflict determine whether how hippocampus supports under cortisol, we combined behavioral assays of associative high-resolution fMRI, pharmacological manipulation in...

Stress is widely considered to negatively impact hippocampal function, thus impairing episodic memory. However, the hippocampus not merely seat of Rather, it also (via distinct circuitry) supports statistical learning. On basis rodent work suggesting that stress may impair pathway involved in memory while sparing or enhancing learning, we developed a behavioral experiment investigate effects acute on both and learning humans. Participants were randomly assigned one three conditions:...

Exposure to stress throughout life can cumulatively influence later health, even among young adults. The negative effects of high cumulative exposure are well-known, and a shift from episodic stimulus-response memory has been proposed underlie forms psychopathology that related lifetime stress. At the other extreme, very low mixed, with some studies reporting leads better outcomes, while others demonstrate is associated diminished resilience outcomes. However, on unknown. Here we use...

Cortisol is a significant driver of the biological stress response that potently activated by acute alcohol intake and increased with binge drinking. Binge drinking associated negative social health consequences risk developing use disorder (AUD). Both cortisol levels AUD are also changes in hippocampal prefrontal regions. However, no previous research has assessed structural gray matter volume (GMV) concurrently to examine BD effects on GMV cortisol, their prospective relationship future intake.

Stress is widely considered to negatively impact hippocampal function, thus impairing episodic memory. However, the hippocampus not merely seat of Rather, it also (via distinct circuitry) supports statistical learning. Based on rodent work suggesting that stress may impair pathway involved in memory while sparing or enhancing learning, we developed a behavioral experiment investigate effects acute both and learning humans. Participants were randomly assigned one three conditions: (socially...

Emotionally salient experiences are encoded and remembered more strongly, an effect that can be amplified by hormones like cortisol. Such memories in turn profoundly influence later behavior. However, little is known about the link between salience encoding subsequent This pathway may particularly important for risky alcohol drinking, which has been linked to sensitized responses, memory, To test this possibility, we integrated pharmacology using a double-blind cross-over design with fMRI,...

Acute stress has been shown to modulate the engagement of different memory systems, leading preferential expression stimulus-response (SR) rather than episodic context when both types can be used. However, questions remain regarding cognitive mechanism that underlies this bias in humans-specifically, how each form is individually influenced by order for SR dominant. Here we separately measured and investigated was acute after learning (Experiment 1) before retrieval 2). We found postlearning...

To provide effective treatments for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) children with PTSD must first be identified. The authors implemented a "screen and treat" program following widely witnessed school suicide. Three months after the suicide, exposed students received Child Trauma Symptom Questionnaire at school. Parents questionnaire to rate their children's symptoms. Children scores > or =5 follow-up interviews those diagnosed were referred treatment. Ninety-six percent of...

Abstract Introduction Nicotine dependence follows a chronic course that is characterized by repeated relapse, often driven acute stress and rewarding memories of smoking retrieved from related contexts. These two triggers can also interact, with influencing retrieval contextual memories. However, the roles these processes in nicotine remain unknown. Aims Methods We investigated how biases memory for smoking-associated contexts among smokers (N = 65) using novel laboratory paradigm. On day 1,...