Continuous electrowetting (CEW) is demonstrated to be an effective actuation mechanism for reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) devices that use non-toxic liquid-metal tuning elements. Previous research has shown CEW efficient means of electrically inducing motion in a slug, but precise control the slug's position within fluidic channels not been demonstrated. Here, positioning slugs achieved using conjunction with designed minimize surface energy at discrete locations. This approach...

Presented here is a method for actuating gallium-based liquid-metal alloy without the need an external power supply. Liquid metal used as anode to drive complementary oxygen reduction reaction, resulting in spontaneous growth of hydrophilic gallium oxide on surface, which induces flow liquid into channel. The extent and duration actuation are controllable throughout process, induced both reversible repeatable. This self-actuation technique can also be trigger other electrokinetic or fluidic...

Development of stomata, valves on the plant epidermis for optimal gas exchange and water control, is fine-tuned by multiple signaling peptides with unique, overlapping, or antagonistic activities. EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1) a founding member secreted peptide ligands enforcing stomatal patterning. Yet, its exact role remains unclear. Here, we report that EPF1 primary receptor ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) target MUTE, transcription factor specifying proliferation-to-differentiation switch...

A low-voltage, low-power method of electrically deforming a liquid-metal droplet via the direct manipulation its surface tension is presented. By imposing quasi-planar geometry on liquid metal, sensitivity to electrocapillary actuation increased by more than factor 40. This heightened responsiveness allows metal be deformed at rates exceeding 120 mm/s, greater an order magnitude faster existing techniques for electrical deformation. Significantly, it demonstrated how this process can...

The phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs), a small group of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, repress photomorphogenesis both in the dark and light. Light signals perceived by family photoreceptors induce rapid degradation PIFs to promote photomorphogenesis. Here, we show that HECATE (HEC) proteins, another HLH antagonistically regulate HEC1 HEC2 heterodimerize with PIF members. PIF1, HEC1, genes are spatially temporally coexpressed, is localized nucleus. hec1, hec2, hec3 single...

Since the explosive growth of state-of-the-art electronics and devices raises concerns about electromagnetic pollution, exploring novel efficient interference (EMI) shielding materials is desirable crucial. Ti3C2Tx MXenes hold significant EMI potential due to their inherent characteristics, including lightweight, metal-like conductivities, unique layered structure, facile processing. Nonetheless, it remains challenging fabricate MXenes-based with capability low reflection. Herein, an...

A tunable bandpass filter based on reconfigurable liquid-metal perturbing posts in a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity is demonstrated. The design consists of four single which provide five center frequencies from 10.13 GHz to 11.31 GHz. To enable frequency tuning, nontoxic Galinstan hydraulically actuated activate and deactivate posts. states have an average peak insertion loss 1.35 dB with fractional bandwidths 0.6% 1% unloaded quality factors 96 154.

This paper presents a frequency-tunable slot antenna which uses liquid metal to vary the electrical length of radiating aperture. The is driven by continuous electrowetting (CEW), process motion induced in liquid-metal droplet through application potential gradient across an electrolytic carrier fluid. both fully reversible and repeatable, low-voltage driving mechanism allows for simpler integration into electronic architectures than more common hydraulic methods. We believe this first...

Liquid metal actuated by pressure‐driven air bubbles is guided within channels to dynamically reconfigure the length of radiating aperture and feed line a slot antenna. The gallium‐based liquid held in position bubbles, liquid‐metal motion induced when pressure differential created. In contrast conventional hydraulic or pneumatic actuation metal, described here reversible repeatable, as enveloped thin layer NaOH solution, which acts slip reduces any oxidation. antenna achieves 26% tunable...

In June 2013, the White House identified development of broadband wireless networks as crucial for economic growth, specifically identifying innovations in spectrum sharing being key to relieving an expected crunch caused by rapidly increasing number Internet-connected devices, currently estimated at over 500 million.

In this paper we compare the computational accuracy and speed of some knife-edge diffraction models. The Bullington, Epstein-Peterson, Deygout, Giovaneli models were implemented in MATLAB compared to rigorous Vogler method. It is found that all these methods, except Bullington method, are similar accuracy. efficiency, on other hand, quite different for four methods. These results provide important guidance applications practical simulations radio propagation.

A phase shifter based on reconfigurable filling factors (FF) in a 1D electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is presented. The device capable of different gradations shift, using liquid metal to fill or evacuate holes the defected ground plane microstrip line. design consists three cascaded EBG lattices, each consisting 4 circles with FF 0.17, 0.25, and 0.37 respectively. When actuated, per-element shift 1.8, 5.7, 9.4 degrees at 5.6 GHz introduced. total 67.2 can be achieved an average...

A tunable amplifier using reconfigurable liquid-metal double-stub tuners is presented. The impedance are implemented slugs that electrically actuated continuous electrowetting. can be configured to multiple frequency states from 3.37 6.02 GHz by adjusting the physical lengths of tuners.

A frequency‐tunable microstrip patch antenna with a liquid‐metal‐actuated loading slot is presented. The electrical length of the located beneath resonating altered by filling and evacuating liquid metal from fluidic channels along ground plane. reactively loads antenna, altering resonant frequency as its changed. Frequency tuning achieved 1.85 to 2.07 GHz, corresponding an 11.2% bandwidth.

A liquid-metal reconfigurable log-periodic balun is presented. The design consists of three sections that can be independently actuated with pressure-driven liquid metal, resulting in a planar capable switching between continuous bands from 1.89 to 8.45 GHz. two output ports have magnitude balance within 1 dB and phase difference 10° 180°.

SUMMARY Precise cell division control is critical for developmental patterning. For the differentiation of a functional stoma, cellular valve efficient gas exchange, single symmetric an immediate precursor absolutely essential. Yet, mechanism governing event remains unclear. Here we report complete inventories gene expression by Arabidopsis bHLH protein MUTE, potent inducer stomatal differentiation. MUTE switches program initiated its sister bHLH, SPEECHLESS. directly induces suite...

An electrically actuated liquid-metal RF switch with an operating range of two octaves is presented. The liquid metal in the by continuous electrowetting, and a trapped air bubble used as low-loss dielectric spacer. This shunt operates from 4 to 16 GHz greater than 10 dB isolation.

Rapid, Economical Circuit Prototyping (RECi-P) is a method for the rapid prototyping of conductive traces that can be used electronic circuits. This utilizes an inexpensive craft cutter cut copper tape with sub-millimeter accuracy. The layout pieces preserved, making it easier to accurately create complicated patterns. Using RECi-P, designs fabricated and tested in under 30 minutes, approximately same cost as prototypes made by manually cutting tape. 5-GHz coupled-line bandpass filter...