Abstract Motivation: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been widely used to map loci contributing variation in complex traits and risk of diseases humans. Accurate specification familial relationships is crucial for family-based GWAS, as well population-based GWAS with unknown (or unrecognized) family structure. The structure a should be routinely investigated using the SNP data prior analysis population or phenotype. Existing algorithms relationship inference major weakness...

In this essay we sketch core elements of feminist thought and demonstrate their relevance for criminology. After reviewing the early critiques discipline empirical emphases 1970s 1980s, appraise current issues debates in three areas: building theories gender crime, controlling men's violence toward women, equality criminal justice system. We invite our colleagues to reflect on androcentrism appreciate promise inquiry rethinking problems crime justice.

Are men and women who are prosecuted for similar crimes punished differently? If it is true, as commonly assumed, that sentenced more leniently than men, does this tendency vary by class race? In book Kathleen Daly explores these issues analyzing women's men's cases routinely processed in felony courts—cases of homicide, aggravated assault, robbery, larceny, drug offenses. first presents a statistical analysis sentencing disparity wide sample cases. Then, from within sample, she compares...

Despite legal reforms, there has been little improvement in police, prosecutor, and court handling of rape sexual assault. In the past 15 years Australia, Canada, England Wales, Scotland, United States, victimization surveys show that 14 percent violence victims report offense to police. Of these, 30 proceed prosecution, 20 are adjudicated court, 12.5 convicted any offense, 6.5 original charged. 35 years, average conviction rates have declined from 18 percent, although they not fallen all...

Advocates’ claims about restorative justice contain four myths: (1) is the opposite of retributive justice; (2) uses indigenous practices and was dominant form pre-modern (3) a ‘care’ (or feminine) response to crime in comparison ‘justice’ masculine) response; (4) can be expected produce major changes people. Drawing from research on conferencing Australia New Zealand, I show that real story differs greatly advocates’ mythical true story. Despite what advocates say, there are connections...

The Wheeler et al. (1982) data set of white‐collar defendants is used to compare men's and women's socioeconomic profiles occupations the nature their illegalities. results show that a minority men but only handful women fit image highly placed offender. Most employed were clerical workers, most managers or administrators. Women more likely be nonwhite, less have completed college, owned in economic assets. Men work crime groups use organizational resources carrying out crimes, attempted...

Images of women in the contemporary drug economy are highly mixed. Most scholars emphasize change women's roles, some continuity, and others suggest that both continuity evident. At issue is whether an increased share were involved selling higher‐level distribution roles crack cocaine markets late 1980s early 1990s, compared to heroin 1960s 1970s. We present results ethnographic study users conducted during 1989–92 a New York City neighborhood. Contrary those who have provided “new...

We analyze the statistical literature on gender and sentencing to determine whether findings of "sex effects" favoring women are related procedures used, court contexts sample composition, conceptual dimensions research. The unit analysis (or case) is data sets; our search identified 50 such cases, most which from 1970s. Half these showed sex effects women; one-quarter each mixed or no effects. These proportions remained constant when was weighted by a quality score. In comparison with...

We analyse five areas of feminist engagement with restorative justice (RJ): theories justice; the role retribution in criminal studies gender (and other social relations) RJ processes; appropriateness for partner, sexual or family violence; and politics race making claims. Feminist has focused almost exclusively on sexual, partner violence, but there is a need to broaden focus. identify wider spectrum theoretical, political empirical problems future analysis RJ.

Many scholars think that women are sentenced more leniently than men because judges paternalistic toward women. In this article, I suggest paternalism is a multilayered concept and it important to distinguish between judicial concerns for protecting those children families. To learn what factors consider in sentencing whether these differ defendants, interviewed 20 3 two state criminal courts. learned the primary objects of protection were not women, but children, men's women's economic...

In 1978, the Social and Demographic Research Institute of University Massachusetts, Amherst, received a grant from National Justice to undertake comprehensive review literature on weapons, crime, violence in United States. The purpose project is best described as sifting winnowing claims counterclaims both sides Great American Gun War - perennial struggle Ameri­can political life over what do, if anything, about guns, violence, crime. analysis available studies consumed better part three...

It has become commonplace to say that restorative justice cannot be defined. I argue can and must defined concretely as a mechanism. develop this argument with four points: (1) is not type of justice, it mechanism; (2) retributive or (3) one many mechanisms under an innovative umbrella; (4) The way forward assess compare variety mechanisms, which reside on continuum from conventional innovative. In time, the studied may come matter more than concept justice.

Abstract Sustained destructive leadership behaviours are associated with negative outcomes that produce serious workplace problems, yet there is scant research into how followers effectively cope toxic leader behaviours. Despite numerous attempts to develop typologies of coping behaviours, remains much learn, especially in relation this specific stressor. This mixed method investigates the strategies reported by 76 psychological, emotional and physical consequences their leader's adverse...

Race and gender pose empirical policy problems that are both similar different for the U. S. criminal justice system. They in blacks women occupy subordinate social economic positions American life, their interests less likely to be represented system than those of white men. overrepresented arrest statistics jail prison populations while underrepresented. If over- (or under-) representation is assumed result from effects bias subordination, two patterns hard explain. The literature on...

The literature on restorative justice and reoffending consists largely of comparative analyses traditional interventions suggests small but significant differences or no in reoffending. We gathered data from conferencing observations police records to explore the variable effects conference dynamics offenders' characteristics predicting future offending. found that youthful offenders who were observed be remorseful whose outcomes reached by consensus less likely reoffend. This finding when...

Many explanations have been proposed for gender differences in criminal court outcomes, but none has grounded a systematic study of the reasoning processes used by officials sanctioning male and female defendants. Interviews with thirty-five (prosecutors, defense attorneys, probation officers, judges) are presented here to assess extant theory offer reconceptualization why may emerge course “doing justice.” The interviews reveal that process is structured familial paternalism, is, concern...

"Sex effects"—favoring women—typically found in criminal court pretrial release and sentencing outcomes have not been satisfactorily explained. Drawing on observational studies interviews with officials carried out by the author others, a social control/social costs framework is presented. This revises Kruttschnitt's control arguments introduces idea that there are to punishment. Hypotheses tested impact of defendant's familial status interactive effects gender family for five outcomes. The...

This statistical study examines sentencing and pretrial release decisions for black, white, Hispanic men women, using data from New York City Seattle criminal courts. Hypotheses are tested on the interactive influences of gender family, mitigating effects family women different race ethnic groups. The results show that differences in court outcomes can be explained by defendants' familial circumstances, such greatest black defendants. Arguing neither male-centered conflict or labeling...

Journal Article Restorative Justice and Sexual Assault: An Archival Study of Court Conference Cases Get access Kathleen Daly Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Criminology, Volume 46, Issue 2, March 2006, Pages 334–356, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi071 Published: 18 July 2005