A5066622659- Marine and coastal plant biology
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
- Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
- Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Insect Pheromone Research and Control
- Marine Biology and Environmental Chemistry
- Micro and Nano Robotics
- Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
- Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Cephalopods and Marine Biology
- Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Coastal and Marine Dynamics
- Marine and fisheries research
- Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
- Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Plant and animal studies
- Aeolian processes and effects
- Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies
- Diffusion and Search Dynamics
University of California, Berkeley
2015-2024
Santa Fe Institute
2024
Integra (United States)
2003-2022
University of California System
1987-2014
University of North Carolina Wilmington
2013
University of Hawaii System
2010
Harvard University
2008
University of California, Davis
2008
University of Alberta
2001
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology
2001
Coral reefs of north Jamaica, normally sheltered, were severely damaged by Hurricane Allen, the strongest Caribbean hurricane this century. Immediate studies made at Discovery Bay, where reef populations already known in some detail. Data are presented to show how damage varied with position and orientation substraturn shape, size, mechanical properties exposed organisms. collected over succeeding weeks showed striking differences ability organisms heal survive.
We enumerate the five basic mechanisms by which any biological or manmade filter can remove particles from a fluid. These are: (1) direct interception, (2) inertial impaction, (3) gravitational deposition, (4) motile-particle and (5) electrostatic attraction. For these we present dimensionless indexes that indicate measurable characteristics of filter, particles, flow affect intensity particle capture. By comparing magnitudes it is possible to determine main mechanism using capture...
Plants and animals that inhabit the intertidal zone of wave—swept shores are generally small relative to terrestrial or subtidal organisms. Various biological mechanisms have been proposed account for this observation (competition, size—specific predation, food—limitation, etc.). However, these constrained operate within mechanical limitations imposed by physical environment, never thoroughly explored. We investigated possibility observed limits size in organisms due solely part mechanical,...
High‐speed motion pictures of dye streams around feeding calanoid copepods revealed that these important planktonic herbivores do not strain algae out the water as previously described. Rather, a copepod flaps four pairs appendages to propel past itself and uses its second maxillae actively capture parcels containing food particles. The Eucalanus pileatus operate at Reynolds numbers only 10 −2 −1 . In viscous world copepod, flow is laminar, bristled behave solid paddles rather then open...
▪ Abstract The performance of an organism is the crucial link between its phenotype and ecological success. When does organism's morphology affect performance? Quantitative mechanistic analyses how function depends on biological form have shown that relationship can be nonlinear, context-dependent, sometimes surprising. In some cases, small changes in or simple size lead to novel functions, while other cases occur without consequences. Furthermore, effect a specific change depend size,...
Many aquatic plants and animals spend part of their lives anchored to the substratum as water flows by. There are a number mechanisms by which such sessile organisms can affect magnitude flow-induced forces they encounter, well distribution mechanical stresses in bodies produced those forces. Furthermore, properties skeletal tissues how much deform whether or not will break response stresses. different withstand flow characterizing particular type habitat. Biomechanics is useful tool for...
We have examined the biomechanical development of notochord Xenopus early tail-bud embryos by: (1) quantifying morphological and mechanical changes in embryo during stages 20-28, (2) conducting manipulative experiments to elucidate roles various components notochord. The notochord, which is composed a stack flat cells surrounded by connective tissue sheath, elongates dramatically begins straightening between 21 25. At this time fiber density sheath goes up, osmotic activity increases,...
ABSTRACT The forces that drive sea urchin primary invagination remain mysterious. To solve this mystery we have developed a set of finite element simulations test five hypothesized mechanisms. Our models show each these mechanisms can generate an invagination; however, the mechanical properties epithelial sheet required for proper are different mechanism. For example, find gel swelling hypothesis Lane et al. (Lane, M. C., Koehl, A. R., Wilt, F. and Keller, R. (1993) Development 117,...
Unusually high extensibility of the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana minimizes breakage by waves and tidal currents. Cellulose fibrils in cortical cell walls have a preferred angle 60° to stipe axis; this may be structural basis extensibility. Although undamaged plants can sustain drag due most tides, single occurs often at flaws stipes caused sea urchin grazing or abrasion.
ABSTRACT Two species of sea anemones, Metridium senile and Anthopleura xanthogrammica, illustrate the sorts compromises made by sessile organisms between maximizing transport done minimizing mechanical forces caused flow. M. occur in calm areas, but because they are tall, exposed to mainstream current velocities. Although A. xanthogrammica areas wave action, short effectively hidden from Measurements drag on anemones models a flow tank field indicate that shapes, sizes, flexibilities,...
We examine several aerodynamic and thermoregulatory hypotheses about possible adaptive factors in the evolution of wings from small winglets insects. Using physical models Paleozoic insects a wind tunnel, we explore potential effects for increasing gliding distance, dispersal distance during parachuting, improving attitude control or stability, elevating body temperatures thermoregulation. The size shape, wing length, number, venation, meteorological conditions are considered. Hypotheses...
Many species of macroalgae have flat, strap-like blades in habitats exposed to rapidly flowing water, but wide, ruffled "undulate" at protected sites. We used the giant bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, investigate how these ecomorphological differences are produced. The undulate N. luetkeana from sites with low flow remain spread out and flutter erratically moving thereby not only enhancing interception light, also increasing drag. In contrast, kelp rapid collapse into streamlined bundles...
The first step in processing olfactory information, before neural filtering, is the physical capture of odor molecules from surrounding fluid. Many animals odors turbulent water currents or wind using antennae that bear chemosensory hairs. We used planar laser–induced fluorescence to reveal how lobster antennules hydrodynamically alter spatiotemporal patterns concentration plumes. As flick, penetrates their hair array during fast downstroke, carrying fine-scale into receptor area. This...
Many organisms increase the air or water flow adjacent to olfactory surfaces when exposed appropriate chemical stimuli; such 'sniffing' samples fluid from a specific region and can rate of interception odorant molecules. We used hot-wire anemometry, high-speed videography visualization study near feathery antennae male silkworm moths (Bombyx mori L.). When conspecific female sex pheromone, B. flap their wings through stroke angle 90-110 degrees at approximately 40 Hz without flying. This...
ABSTRACT We have focused on the giant kelp Nereocystis luetkeana to examine mechanical scaling of benthic marine organisms loaded in tension by hydrodynamic forces. If we consider simply allometry kelp’s morphological characters, conclude that their stipes are underscaled relative blade area they support (i.e. do not maintain stress or elastic similarity as grow). However, a closer look at characteristics these field reveals (1) different shapes (and hence drag coefficients) and stipe...
ABSTRACT Physically, the course of morphogenesis is determined by distribution and timing force production in embryo mechanical properties tissues on which these forces act. We have miniaturized a standard materials-testing procedure (the stress-relaxation test) to measure viscoelastic dorsal involuting marginal zone, prechordal mesoderm, vegetal endoderm Xenopus laevis embryos during gastrulation. focused because it undergoes convergent extension (an important wide-spread morphogenetic...
ABSTRACT Many animals from different phyla have, embedded in their pliable connective tissues, small bits of stiff material known as spicules. The tensile behaviour spicule-reinforced tissues various cnidarians and sponges, well model spiculated ‘tissues’, is here investigated order to elucidate the effects on mechanical properties spicule size shape, packing density orientation within a tissue. main conclusions are : Spicules increase stiffness probably by mechanisms analogous those which...