Summary We propose a novel recycling system for municipal food waste that combines fermentation and chemical processes to produce high‐quality poly‐L‐lactate (PLLA) biodegradable plastics. The process consists of removal endogenous D, L‐lactic acid from minced by propionibacterium, under semisolid conditions, purification via butyl esterification, polymerization LL‐lactide. total design the enables high yield PLLA with optical activity (i.e., proportion isomers) all materials produced at...

A series of mechanically interlocked supramolecular glasses were prepared from a bio-based cyclic oligosaccharide with small amounts polymer. The rigid glassy materials readily thermo-moldable, and their mechanical properties tuned by the substituents on oligosaccharide. In presence even (<18 wt %) polymer, fragile derivatives turned into tough plastics, as long polymer penetrated through molecules. difference in acyl ring components resulted significant properties. Bulkier monotonically...

Pyrolysis and ignition characteristics of pulverized coals were examined under similar burning conditions to those industrial burners. In the early stage, fine particles (less than 37 μm) mainly pyrolyzed by convective heat transfer from surrounding gas. The ignited when volatile matter mixed with air formed a combustible mixture. large was delayed, but accelerated after radiant coal flames. effects strong for intermediate-size (37–74 μm). Ignition temperature analytically using modified...

Some of the impurities (Br, Cl, Fuel-N, and S) in fuels can reduce radicals (O, H, OH) formed flames on combustion, thus lowering radical mole fraction. The variation fraction affects NOx emissions. In this study, reducing effects caused by these were modeled based measurements fractions. Linear relationships obtained between fractions reciprocals slope straight line was defined as effect coefficient (α). value α for each determined containing HBr, CH3Br, HCl, CCl4, CH3NH2, NH3, H2S, CS2...

A model was developed to evaluate the flame propagation velocity for co-combustion of pulverized coals and gas fuels such as ammonia, methane, hydrogen, other fuels. For coal combustion, maximum increased when particle diameter decreased or volatile content increased. The limit value extrapolated zero 100% matter (VM) content. became equivalent hydrocarbon methane. However, usually lower than that due delay pyrolysis reactions. Also, residual solid particles (ash, char, VM have not been...

Applicability of a coal combustion model was validated by comparing its predictions with experimental data utility boilers. The had gasification and NOx reaction submodels it developed using small drop-tube-furnace (coal feed rate 0.6kg/h). A turbulence simulation program introducing the model. 23 sets results which contained different plant, load data. temperature difference between simulated within 30°C at furnace exit. decreasing characteristic burnout increasing well predicted. emission...

LES (large eddy simulation) is applied to combustion simulations of two large scale pulverized coal-fired furnaces. One application a boiler furnace with the coal feed rate 3,000 kg/h. The results show good agreement in not only distributions temperature, NO concentration, and CO concentration on vertical center line but also emissions UBC (unburned carbon ash). calculation error emission 10%. other horizontal low NOx burner 560 predicts temperatures oxygen concentrations accurately;...

Flame propagation velocity is one of the basic physical quantities to evaluate flame stability. We developed a model analyze for pulverized coals. The relationship between coal concentration and was calculated using properties, diameter, initial gas composition, temperature surrounding gas, radiant heat flux from surroundings particles. In present study, we examined relationships such burning conditions by fundamental experiments then empirical formulas. Furthermore, also influence particle...

We previously proposed the gas phase stoichiometric ratio (SRgas) as an index to evaluate NOx concentration in fuel-rich flames. The SRgas was defined amount of fuel required for combustion/amount gasified fuel, where which had been released by pyrolysis, oxidation and gasification reactions. In present study we found that a good consider reaction mechanism pulverized coal When &lt; 1.0, strongly influenced value. also calculated using model. model verified various coals, particle diameters,...

Stoichiometric ratio (SR) and gas-phase stoichiometric (SRgas) are fundamental burning conditions needed to consider combustion phenomena. For oxy-fuel combustion, large quantities of CO2 H2O included in the feed gas. not combustible species, but C H elements. Two types ratios can be defined, depending on whether or C, H, O from gas evaluating ratio. We examined which definition was easier use when considering reaction mechanism. measured NOx intermediate hydrocarbons, NH3, HCN, H2S, under...

In the present study, we used a Japanese industrial standard method (JIS Z8818 ; test for minimum explosible concentration of combustible dusts) to examine ignition limit concentration. We examined possibility apply this JIS evaluation stable combustion conditions pulverized coal fired burners. evaluated flame stability by measuring relationship between and length obtained using method. defined when became longer than pre-set as Effects properties, particle diameter, and, water content in...

Abstract The concentration profiles of labile (H, O, and OH) stable chemical entities (CH3OH, O2, CH2O, H2, H2O, CO2) in premixed methanol–air flames under atmospheric pressure have been studied by the probesampling-ESR method combined with mass-spectrometric detection. concentrations intermediates determined correcting their destruction sampling probe caused gas-phase reactions, wall reactions at pinhole probe. observed are good agreement numerical model developed previously Westbrook...

Some experiments were made to establish a method of quantitative observation solidification structure and segreagtions in steel ingots by measuring the blackness autoradiographic images ingots. Furthermore, this was applied some practical experimental ingots.The results these investigations can be summarized as follow:(1) Blackness autoradiograph is directly proportional tracer content sample.(2) Maximum points microphotometric trace correspond positively segregated areas interdendritic...

We developed a simplified coal combustion model that is used in combination with detailed gas reaction models. This aimed to develop co-firing systems for decarbonized fuels such as and hydrogen. The mechanism was described the CHEMKIN format. easy handle even experts combustion. Based on experimental results, we modified following (1) Determining rate constant of NOx reduction by char presence oxygen. (2) gasification constants, especially steam reaction, from staged experiments. (3)...