OBJECTIVE Exposure in utero to maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked a high risk for offspring. Animal studies suggest that these exposures disrupt the development of hypothalamus, brain region regulates body weight, predisposing offspring develop obesity. This study tested hypothesis humans exposure and/or GDM associated with alterations hypothalamic response glucose and altered would predict greater increases child adiposity 1 year later. RESEARCH DESIGN AND...

Summary Background There is concern regarding how the COVID‐19 pandemic may impact psychological and physical health of children, but to date, studies on mental during in children are limited. Furthermore, unprecedented lifestyle stressors associated with aggravate childhood obesity epidemic, role BMI child activity levels outcomes unknown. Objectives We investigated emotional responses (positive/negative affect), (PA) sedentary behaviours related anxiety among U.S. healthy weight...

<h3>Importance</h3> Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are used as an alternative to nutritive quench desire for sweets while reducing caloric intake. However, studies have shown mixed results concerning the effects of NNSs on appetite, and associations between sex obesity with reward appetitive responses NNS compared sugar unknown. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine neural reactivity different types high-calorie food cues (ie, sweet savory), metabolic responses, eating behavior following consumption...

Abstract We investigated how emotional responses (positive and negative affect), physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors related to anxiety among US children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sixty-four typically-developing (63% girls) age 9-15 years old completed two virtual visits height of “stay-at-home” measures between April 22 – July 29, 2020. Children 24-hour PA recalls, state portion State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for (STAIC), shortened 10-item Positive Negative Affect Schedule...

Animal studies have shown that male but not female offspring exposed to maternal obesity abnormal hippocampal development. Similar sex differences were observed in animal models of developmental programming by prenatal stress or diabetes. We aimed translate this work into humans examining sex-specific effects exposure on volume children.

Prior epidemiological studies have found that in utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, brain alterations GDM are not known. The hippocampus pivotal cognition and emotional regulation. Therefore, we assessed relationships between hippocampal morphology subfield structure during childhood. One hundred seventeen children aged 7-11 years (57% girls, 57% exposed GDM), born at Kaiser Permanente Southern...

Summary Background/Objectives Neuroimaging investigations of brain pathways involved in reward and motivation have primarily focused on adults. This study sought to identify responses visual food cues explore its relationships with adiposity sex pre‐pubertal children. Methods Brain palatable vs. non‐food were measured 53 children (age: 8.18 ± .66 years; sex: 22 boys, 31 girls) after an overnight fast. Whole‐brain analysis (cluster‐correction Z &gt; 2.3, P &lt; .05) was performed examine cue...

Abstract Background Studies suggest a link between prenatal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exposure and poor mental health outcomes. We examined associations GDM depressive anxiety symptoms in children assessed physical activity as potential modifier of these associations. Method Seventy (Age M(SD) : 12(2.0), 56% GDM, 59% female) their parents completed surveys: Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale Children (CES-DC), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAIC), Child Behavior Checklist...

In rodent literature, there is evidence that excessive fructose consumption during development has a detrimental impact on hippocampal structure and function. this study of 103 children ages 7–11 years old, we investigated whether dietary intake was related to alterations in volume connectivity humans. To examine if these associations were specific or sugars general, explored relationships between added the monosaccharide, glucose, same brain measures. We found increased fructose, measured...

Abstract Context Fructose compared to glucose has adverse effects on metabolic function, but endocrine responses oral sucrose vs is not well understood. Objective We investigated how affected appetite-regulating hormones, and biological factors (body mass index [BMI], insulin sensitivity, sex) influence these 2 types of sugar. Design Sixty-nine adults (29 men; 23.22 ± 3.74 years; BMI 27.03 4.96 kg/m2) completed the study. On occasions, participants consumed 300-mL drinks containing 75 g or...

Abstract Objective This study examined associations between BMI and dietary sugar intake with sucrose‐induced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) whether circulating FGF21 is associated brain signaling following sucrose ingestion in humans. Methods A total of 68 adults (29 male; mean [SD), age 23.2 [3.8] years; 27.1 [4.9] kg/m 2 ) attended visits after a 12‐hour fast. Plasma was measured at baseline 15, 30, 120 minutes (75 g 300 mL water). Brain cerebral blood flow responses to were using...

Summary Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with adverse child mental health outcomes and reduced physical activity. Moreover, prenatal exposure to gestational diabetes (GDM) increased risk for psychological in children. Objectives Assess GDM on anxiety levels activity children during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods Sixty‐five age 9 15 reported their using 24‐hours recall State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory Children via phone or video meetings. Prenatal was obtained...

Previous studies that evaluated low gestational weight gain or loss among prepregnancy obesity classes have not determined the amount of associated with lowest risk adverse perinatal outcomes and neonatal morbidity singleton term births.This study aimed to evaluate relationship specific categories loss, stable weight, considered below 2009 Institute Medicine guidelines for singleton, live births classes.This was a retrospective cohort 18,476 women 3 obesity, based on measured delivering...

Growing evidence suggests an important role for sleep the metabolic health of children.

Offspring exposed to maternal obesity in utero are at increased risk for the development of metabolic disorders. Recent evidence also links exposure with impaired cognition during childhood. While underlying mechanisms unclear, studies animals have shown that fetal causes decreased neurogenesis dentate gyrus and hippocampal learning. The hippocampus is important memory, its sensitive environment. We tested hypothesis would be associated reduced volume children. Sixty-seven children (41...

Abstract Context Prenatal exposures and lifestyle factors are important for metabolic health. Objective Determine how prenatal to maternal obesity and/or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) childhood independently contribute child insulin sensitivity. Design Participants Ninety children aged 7 11 years (56% girls, 60% exposed GDM), born at Kaiser-Permanente Southern California, completed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as part of the BrainChild Study. Matsuda sensitivity index (ISI)...

Background Previous studies on affective state–sedentary behavior (SB) associations have not accounted for their potentially time-varying nature and used inconsistent SB measurement modalities. We investigated whether the strength of between states varied as a function time day by modality (device-measured vs ecological momentary assessment–reported screen-based SB) in youth. Objective This study aimed to establish proof concept that SB–affective state may be static during day. In addition,...

This study investigated whether brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake respond differently to glucose ingestion children and adults relationship between responses weight status. Data included 87 (ages 7-11 years) 94 18-35 from two cohorts. Healthy weight, overweight, obesity were defined by Centers for Disease Control Prevention criteria. Brain determined measuring cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging eating behavior. Children showed...

Research goal: Assess the relationships between anxiety levels, physical activity and in utero exposure to Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) children age 9 15, during COVID-19 pandemic. During pandemic, participants completed phone call or video calls with study personnel where they were asked report on their levels using 24-hour recall State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. GDM-exposure was assessed electronic medical records. Children who reported higher of moderate vigorous...

Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) increase the risk of offspring developing childhood type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanisms possible neuronal pathways are unknown but might involve changes in hypothalamic structure function. Novel non-invasive imaging techniques (such as pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) a functional MRI scan) allow assessment function response to glucose by measuring cerebral blood flow. These have been used children adults with reproducible results.