Introduction Section 1: Children 1. Family Structures and the Early Phase in Individual Life-cycle: A Southern European Perspective Pier Paolo Viazzo 2. Illegitimacy Abandonment of Basque Country, 1500-1800 Lola Valverde 3. 'Perche non avea chi la ghovernasse'. Cultural Values, Resources teh Florence Lorenzo de Medici, 1467-1485 Philip Gavitt 4. Between Home Hospice. The Plight Fate Girl Orphans Seventeenth Eighteenth-Century Rome Eugenio Sonnino 5. Legitimate Nineteenth-Century Milan...

While fire-related injuries and deaths decreased in the global north over past few years, they have increased south. With more than one billion people residing informal settlements (sometimes known as slums, ghettos or shantytowns), it is necessary that greater effort be placed on addressing developing means for improving fire safety these areas. As a result of advances made computer technologies, emerging performance-based regulations an increase building complexity north, use models...

Purpose Globally, over 95% of fire related deaths and injuries occur in low- middle-income countries. Within informal settlements, the risk resulting injury or death is particularly high. This paper examines risks settlements New Delhi Cape Town, tented Lebanon. Design/methodology/approach Our analysis draws on primary sources, secondary literature, statistical data qualitative interviews. Findings The distribution across urban societies a fundamentally political issue. Residential can be...

Plastic waste is a global environmental issue, while natural resources, such as sand, limited and are depleting opposed to the abundance of plastics. This study investigates suitability adding recycled plastic waste, in form Resin8, for first time, into 3D printed concrete (3DPC) fine aggregate replacement. Replacement values 5 %, 10 % 15 sand by volume investigated, which further characterised varying Resin8 particle sizes. Particle sizes included sub-5 mm, sub-1 mm combination two at equal...

Purpose Informal settlements are inherently unstructured in nature, lack adequate services, regularly have high population densities and can experience social problems. Thus, fires easily propagate rapidly through such areas, leaving thousands homeless a single fire. The purpose of this paper is to present an appraisal various interventions strategies improve fire safety informal South Africa (globally, similar known as slums, ghettos, favelas, shantytowns, etc.), considering aspects both...

Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires are becoming more common globally. However, most research has been focused on developed regions such as North America and Australia, exposing a lack of geographical diversity in the field. This paper presents an analysis South Africa's largest WUI fire disaster, terms number structures lost economic losses, 2017 Knysna fires. The data used this report is based aerial reconnaissance conducted immediately after event, geo-located database identifying homes...

Agricultural food grains have been involved in various large fires, but little is known about the fire parameters for many varieties required to evaluate their hazard. This research experimentally studied grains, with an emphasis on African obtain important parameters. Oven-dried cowpea, lentils, millet, soybean, flax (linseed), unshelled peanuts, sunflower, shelled and sesame were subjected heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 35 50 kW/m2 a cone calorimeter. Heat release rate, effective combustion,...

Hemp blocks, also known as hempcrete, are eco-friendly and sustainable construction materials composed of hemp, lime, water. In this study, the fire behaviour structural performance hemp-based were experimentally investigated. Fire exposure scenarios using raw hemp shives, non-load-bearing block walls examined. Tests conducted include cone calorimeter, bomb standard furnace, heat-transfer rating inducing system (H-TRIS), small-scale elevated temperature material tests. shives exhibit...

The Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program of the US Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD), under direction Office Assistant Secretary Defense for Special Operations Low-Intensity Conflict (OASD SO/LIC) with participation from International Test Evaluation (ITEP) humanitarian demining, conducted an in-country field evaluation Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System (HSTAMIDS) in southern African country Namibia. Participants included Team...

Abstract Globally, the number of informal settlement dwellings are increasing rapidly; these areas often associated with numerous large fires. Unfortunately, until recently, very little research has been focused on fire issues leaving any attempts to improve their safety lacking evidence base support effective-decision making. However, over past 4 years, a limited researchers have looked at better understanding fires through full-scale experimentation and numerical modelling; starting...

Summary This paper develops a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model to analyse fire spread for informal settlements, based upon full‐scale experiments. Informal settlements are frequently ravaged by fires, leaving thousands of people homeless, and with more than 1 billion residing in there is significant need understand improve the safety such areas. Due high levels uncertainty inherent input parameters regarding this work also investigates sensitivity behaviour used numerical simulations. It...

Informal settlements (ISs) are a high-risk environment in which fires often seen. In 2019 alone, 5544 IS were reported South Africa. One of the main problems, when investigating an fire, is determining fire cause. last 15 years, approximately 40% causes classified as ‘undetermined’ Furthermore, cases where have been determined, do not provide necessary information to comprehend why started. This paper seeks gain better insight with respect by analysing risk perception inhabitants. To this...

The Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program of Night Vision Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD), under the direction Office Assistant Secretary Defense for Special Operations Low-Intensity Conflict (OASD/SOLIC) with participation from International Test Evaluation Project (ITEP) Demining, conducted an in-country field evaluation HSTAMIDS in region Unit #1 (HMAU1) Thailand. Participants included US Team NVESD, ITEP personnel, Thailand Mine Action Center (TMAC), HALO Trust...

This paper presents an iterative automated method for optimizing structures with multiple deflection criteria and load cases. The is based on the principle of virtual work. Discrete sections are selected fixed geometries. An optimal structure one which meets all strength using minimal material. Four case studies considered in this paper. A simple portal frame presented to show how works. 60-story optimized demonstrate effectiveness large structures. warehouse designed by professional...