The CHIP28 water channel is a major component of red cell and renal tubule membranes; however, its ontogeny tissue distribution remain undefined. Three patterns expression were identified when mRNA was surveyed by in situ hybridization histochemistry rats between embryonic day 14 maturity. (i) protein very abundant hematopoietic kidneys mature rats, but strong did not occur until after birth, it appeared proximal tubules descending thin limbs, pulp the spleen, membranes circulating cells....

Type III cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterases (PDE3s) play important roles in hormonal regulation of lipolysis, platelet aggregation, myocardial contractility, and smooth muscle relaxation. We have recently characterized two PDE3 subtypes (PDE3A PDE3B) as products distinct but related genes. To elucidate their biological roles, this study we compare cellular patterns gene expression for these enzymes during rat embryonic postnatal development using situ hybridization. PDE3B [corrected] mRNA is...

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are present in the circulation, largely as part of a high mol wt complex including IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). This study used situ hybridization to investigate cellular sites synthesis these rat evaluate changes transcript levels during development after hypophysectomy GH treatment. IGFBP-3 transcripts considerably more abundant widely expressed than ALS at birth, but both liver kidney. Hepatic gene expression...

The pattern of aquaporin-1 water channel protein (AQP1) expression in the human kidney was analyzed by immunocytochemistry using semi-thin and optimized high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy based on freeze-substituted Lowicryl HM20 embedded tissue. In addition, situ hybridization used to determine AQP1 mRNA distribution. Immunoblots revealed a 28-kd band 35- 45-kd corresponding unglycosylated glycosylated AQP1. Glomerular capillary endothelium exhibited extensive labeling, whereas...

In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to map cellular patterns of gene expression for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in developing murine skeleton from embryonic day 15 (E15) through postnatal 25 (P25). IGF-I receptor and IGF-II messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are both selectively concentrated chondrocytes osteoblasts. IGF-binding protein-5 -6(IGFBP-5 -6) mRNAs abundant mesenchymal condensations chondroblasts on E15. Chondrocyte mRNA levels remain high, but IGFBP-5 -6 decline...

Abstract Background The PHD finger proteins are an important class of epigenetic readers histone post-translational modifications known to associate with chromatin and regulate gene activities. PHF21B (Plant homeodomain protein 21B) in chromosome 22q13.31 the genomic locus for Phelan- McDermid syndrome. It is a reader that expressed several brain regions, such as frontal cortex hippocampus, but its roles remain unclear. Aims & Objectives We have previously reported Phf21b expression...

A novel blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating supramolecular gene delivery system was developed utilizing a host-guest block-building strategy to systematically screen and optimize various block compositions. Linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coupled with hydrophobic poly[(R,S)-β-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) blocks of varying lengths an adamantyl (Ad) end, giving the PEG-PHB-Ad guest polymers, which were complexed cationic 4-arm star-shaped β-cyclodextrin-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)...

Recent studies have shown that the renal synthesis of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) is altered in insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus, suggesting these changes may be implicated alterations function and morphology accompany diabetes. To investigate time course precise cellular distribution IGFBP expression, we used quantitative situ hybridization to analyze IGF-I IGFBP-1 -5 messenger RNA (mRNA) localization levels from 2 days 6 months after onset streptozotocin-induced...

In situ hybridization was used to map cellular patterns of gene expression for facilitative glucose transporters (GTs) 1-5 in the developing and adult rat kidney. GT3 not detected. GT1 mRNA present proximal straight tubule (PST), distal nephron collecting duct. GT2 localized both convoluted PST, while GT5 detected only PST. GT4 immunoreactivity were focally thick ascending limb Henle's loop coexpressed with IGF-I. Thus, each four different isoforms demonstrated a distinct renal distribution,...

The rat kidney is both a target of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and site local IGF-I production. In order to identify which renal structures produce the functionally related IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), are potential sites or endogenous action, we have employed in situ hybridization localize IGF-I, IGFBP-1, receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) kidney. effects hypophysectomy (Hx) GH replacement on gene expression also been evaluated. IGFBP-1 mRNAs localized epithelial cells...

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have significant effects on renal function and been implicated in development hypertrophy. In order to investigate the IGF system human, we used situ hybridization map patterns of gene expression for IGF-I, IGF-II, binding proteins-1 -2 both type-I type-II receptors adult kidney. Since rat is a model study IGFs physiology pathophysiology, compared human IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) not detected but abundant kidney, while IGF-II mRNA concentrated vascular...

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects girls, with 95% of RTT cases resulting from mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Choline, dietary micronutrient found most foods, has been shown to be important for brain development and function. However, exact effects mechanisms are still unknown. We 13 mg/day (1.7 × required daily intake) choline treatment Mecp2-conditional knockout mice rescued not only deficits motor...

Studies of electrical stimulation therapies for the treatment neurological disorders, such as deep brain stimulation, have almost exclusively been performed using animal-models. However, because animal-models can only approximate human these studies should be supplemented with an in vitro cell-culture based model to substantiate results animal-based and further investigate therapeutic benefit humans. This study presents a novel approach analyze effect on neurogenesis patient-induced...

In order to elucidate potential sites of direct GH action on the kidney, we used in situ hybridization localize receptor (GHR) gene expression during course development and adult rat. illuminate interactions between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulating renal function, compared anatomical localization GHR messenger RNA (mRNA) with that for IGF-I rat kidney. Low levels mRNA were present kidney from before birth increased abundance until postnatal day 40. Hypophysectomy resulted a...

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are present in the circulation, largely as part of a high mol wt complex including IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). This study used situ hybridization to investigate cellular sites synthesis these rat evaluate changes transcript levels during development after hypophysectomy GH treatment. IGFBP-3 transcripts considerably more abundant widely expressed than ALS at birth, but both liver kidney. Hepatic gene expression...

Insulin-dependent diabetes can be associated with low insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels despite normal or even high GH secretion. The basis of the diabetic abnormalities in GH-IGF dynamics that contribute to insulin resistance and impaired fuel metabolism are not well understood. To further investigate these matters, this study evaluated baseline IGF system parameters responses recombinant human IGF-I four adolescents six pubertal stage-matched controls. Spontaneous overnight...

The insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) demonstrates striking structural homology to the (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFR), suggesting that IRR is a member of IR family. However, endogenous ligand biological role for this "orphan" are unknown. To identify potential sites action IRR, in situ hybridization was employed reveal cellular patterns gene expression developing adult rat human kidney. From embryonic days 15-20, mRNA most abundant sensory neurons trigeminal dorsal root...

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) hydrolyzes both insulin and IGFs has been proposed to play a role in signal termination after binding of these peptides their receptors. In situ hybridization was used investigate the cellular distribution IDE mRNA compare it with receptor (IR) IGF-I (IGFR) gene expression serial thin sections from variety tissues embryonic adult rats. is highly abundant kidney liver, known degradation. IR mRNAs are coexpressed brown fat liver. The highest level expression, on...

The insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) has recently been identified as a member of the tyrosine kinase family; however, its endogenous ligand and biological function are still unknown. In contrast to very widespread pattern expression homologous IGF-I receptors, IRR demonstrates restricted cellular distribution. Using in situ hybridization immunohistochemistry, we now show that this is selectively concentrated subset neurons where appearance closely associated with NGF TRK. TRK...

Here we describe a protocol to generate co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed from human fibroblasts using episomal vectors. Colonies iPSCs can be observed 30 days after initiation fibroblast reprogramming. Pluripotent colonies manually picked and grown in neural induction medium permit differentiation into progenitor (NPCs). rapidly convert neuroepithelial within 1 week retain the capability self-renew when...

Quantitative ligand binding autoradiography and in situ hybridization were employed to analyze [125I]insulin-like growth factor-I ([125I] IGF-I) [125I]IGF-II-binding sites human kidney sections. Binding for both ligands concentrated the inner medulla glomeruli, with low levels present tubulo-interstitial cortex. Competition cold IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin was used determine nonspecific differentiate of IGF-I IGF-II receptors IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). Nonspecific less than 20% total ligands....