This paper is concerned with the simultaneous optimal component sizing and power management of a fuel cell/battery hybrid bus. Existing studies solve combined plant/controller optimization problem for cell vehicles (FCHVs) by using methods disadvantages heavy computational burden and/or suboptimality, which only single driving profile was often considered. adds three important contributions to FCHVs-related literature. First, convex programming extended rapidly efficiently optimize both...

The optimal design of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) can be formulated as multiobjective optimization problem that spreads over multiple levels (technology, topology, size, and control). In the last decade, studies have shown by integrating these levels, fuel benefits are obtained, which go beyond results achieved with solely control for given topology. Due to large number variables optimization, their diversity, nonlinear nature problem, variety methodologies been developed. This paper...

This paper comparatively examines three different electrochemical energy storage systems (ESSs), i.e., a Li-ion battery pack, supercapacitor and dual buffer, for hybrid bus powertrain operated in Gothenburg, Sweden. Existing studies focus on comparing these ESSs, terms of either general attributes (e.g., density power density) or their implications to the fuel economy vehicles with heuristic/nonoptimal ESS size management strategy. adds four original contributions related literature. First,...

This brief presents an integrated optimization framework for battery sizing, charging, and on-road power management in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. utilizes convex programming to assess interactions between the three optimal design/control tasks. The objective is minimize carbon dioxide (CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) emissions, from on-board internal combustion engine grid generation plants providing...

This paper introduces a novel method for the simultaneous optimization of energy management and powertrain component sizing parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). The problem is formulated as convex to minimize an objective function, which weighted sum operational costs. cost includes consumed fossil fuel electrical energy, whereas battery, motor (EM), internal combustion engine (ICE). model quadratic losses components. Moreover, are assumed linearly scale with respect size...

Convex optimization has recently been suggested for solving the optimal energy management problem of hybrid electric vehicles. Compared with dynamic programming, this approach can significantly reduce computational time, but price to pay is additional model approximations and heuristics discrete decision variables such as engine on/off control. In paper, globally conditions are derived analytically. It demonstrated that strategy switch on if only requested power exceeds a certain nonconstant...

An assessment study of a novel approach is presented that combines discrete state-space Dynamic Programming and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle for online optimal control hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In addition to energy storage, engine state gear, kinetic energy, travel time are considered states in this paper. After presenting the corresponding model using parallel HEV as an example, benchmark method with introduced which used show solution quality approach. It illustrated proposed...

The electrification of road transport is accelerating globally, propelled by a mix environmental concerns, legislative mandates, and business opportunities. Relying to larger extent on electricity in the transportation sector provides new opportunities reduce carbon dioxide (CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) emissions, fossil fuel consumption, local air pollution improving energy efficiency employing renewable energy....

Todays cruise control systems try to keep a constant speed given by the driver without regarding energy consumption. There is, however, possibilities save choosing optimal velocity is neglected. Solving underlying problem for long distances with an algorithm that runs on vehicle unit not straightforward, especially when it comes hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In order overcome computational burden, this paper presents two-level model predictive approach. It uses sequential quadratic program...

The last few years have seen the massive deployment of electric buses in many existing transit networks. However, planning and operation an bus system differ from that a with conventional vehicles, some key problems not yet been studied literature. In this work, we address integrated operational control charging scheduling problem for network limited opportunity capacity. Operational is carried out through speed vehicles holding at terminal. We propose hierarchical framework to solve...

This paper develops a method for safe and autonomous intersection crossing. A centralized system controls vehicles within certain surrounding of the generates optimized trajectories all in area. recently proposed design approach, [10], where this problem is expressed as convex optimization using space sampling instead time sampling, formulated MPC solved by QP algorithms so that it can be executed real time. The controller then integrated CarMaker Matlab/Simulink validated against advanced...

This article addresses optimal battery thermal management, charging, and eco-driving of a electric vehicle (BEV) with the goal improving its grid-to-meter energy efficiency. Thus, an optimization problem is formulated, aiming at finding trade-off between trip time charging cost. The formulated then transformed into hybrid dynamical system, where dynamics in driving modes are modeled different functions state control vectors. Moreover, to improve computational efficiency, we propose modeling...

This paper presents a novel heuristic method for optimal control of mixed-integer problems that, given feasible values the integer variables, are convex in rest variables. The is based on Pontryagin's maximum principle and allows problem to be solved using optimization techniques. advantage this approach short computation time obtaining solution near global optimum, which may otherwise need very long when by algorithms guaranteeing such as dynamic programming (DP). In paper, applied battery...

This paper studies the problem of optimally controlling an autonomous vehicle, to safely overtake a slow-moving leading vehicle. The is formulated minimize deviation from reference velocity and position trajectory, while keeping vehicle on road avoiding collision with surrounding vehicles. We show that optimization can be as convex program, by providing modeling steps include change frame, variables, sampling in relative longitudinal distance, relaxation linearization. A case study provided...

This study investigates the impact of different levels modeling details on problem optimizing total cost ownership a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle. In this optimization, objective function is weighted sum operational and component costs over driving cycle. The former includes consumed hydrogen electrical energy, latter battery, fuel-cell, electric-motor costs. Three methods with modelling are investigated; in first method, power split between two sources together sizes optimized, while...

We stud the problem of optimally controlling autonomous vehicles to safely cross an intersection. The is approached by solving optimal control subproblem for all permutations crossing sequences. For a chosen sequence, we show that longitudinal vehicle control, subject collision avoidance constraints, can be formulated as convex program. proposed method transforms from original time domain space domain, and introduces change optimization variables replacing vehicles' speed with its inverse. A...

When controlling the energy flow among multiple power sources in electrified powertrains, typically non-convex set of original formulation is relaxed to a convex super-set, and problem then approached by means optimization. In this paper we show that when using backward simulation approach, where vehicle velocity equal reference velocity, global optimum can be obtained solving problem. kept as state problem, so called forward provide condition for which, satisfied, solution will non-relaxed

Building a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that has low fuel consumption at hybridization cost requires detailed design optimization studies. This paper investigates of PHEV with series powertrain configuration, where plant and control parameters are found concurrently. In this work two ten used methods implemented to find optimal energy management component sizes. the first method, is simultaneously by using convex minimize sum operational costs over given driving cycle. To integer...

This paper presents convex modeling steps for the problem of optimal battery dimensioning and control a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with continuous variable transmission. The power limits internal combustion engine machine are approximated as convex/concave functions in kinetic energy, whereas their losses both energy power. An example minimizing total cost ownership city bus including wear model is presented. proposed method also used to obtain charging from an infrastructure that be...

This paper presents a computationally efficient algorithm for eco-driving along horizons of over 100 km. The problem is formulated as bi-level program, where the bottom level solved offline, pre-optimising gear function longitudinal velocity (kinetic energy) and acceleration. top online, optimising nonlinear dynamic program with travel time, kinetic energy acceleration state variables. To further reduce computational effort, time adjoined to objective by applying necessary Pontryagin's...