diffuse Flow On and around hydrothermal Vents at mid-Ocean ridges abStr act.Black smokers are the dramatic result of seawater being heated to high temperatures (generally 250° 350°C) by magmatic systems, then discharging seafloor.However, not all that circulates through oceanic crust is temperatures."Diffuse flow" a catchall term describe lowtemperature (< 0.2° ~ 100°C) fluids slowly discharge sulfide mounds, fractured lava flows, assemblages bacterial mats macrofauna.Diffuseflow generally...

Estimates of the heat output hydrothermal vents, identified along Endeavor and Southern segments Juan de Fuca Ridge, are used to evaluate total flux associated with circulation for ridge segment. A 50‐m array carried by DSV Alvin sampled temperature vertical velocity structure plumes from individual vents. These measurements estimate thermal such plumes. The maximum calculated a single vent is 50 MW (1 = 1×10 6 W). median per 9 3 MW, respectively, Endeavour Segment (18 vents) vents)....

Abstract Geometric analysis was used to define seven morphometric parameters for the description of shape scoria cones, including volume, orientation and five (flat-topped-ness, steep-sided-ness, relative crater depth, slope elongation). The measurement these factors distinct cone populations facilitated an exploration overlapping effects growth erosion processes on shape. Flat-topped-ness seemed be insensitive either or erosion, suggesting a dependence eruption energetics. Most variation in...

Abstract Scatterplots have been in use for about two centuries, primarily observing the relationship between variables and commonly supporting correlation analysis. In this paper, we report an empirical study that examines how humans’ perception of using scatterplots relates to Pearson's product‐moment coefficient (PPMCC) – a used statistical measure correlation. particular, human participants’ estimation under different conditions, e.g., PPMCC values, densities data points, levels symmetry...

We measure expansion rate and bending in a 23‐hour time series of acoustic images the lower 25 m section buoyant hydrothermal plume rising from Grotto vent Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge. then calculate entrainment coefficient, constant proportionality relating mean inflow velocity at edge to maximum upward within plume. The alternately bends southwest relatively high inclinations (37°) northeast irregular intervals twice during this period, apparently driven by current reversals...

For large-scale simulations, the data sets are so massive that it is sometimes not feasible to view with basic visualization methods, let alone explore all time steps in detail. Automated tools necessary for knowledge discovery, i.e., help sift through and isolate specific can then be further explored. Scientists study patterns interactions want know when where interesting things happen. Activity detection, detection of objects which span a limited duration time, has been an active research...

Sub‐sea floor hydrothermal convection systems discharge as plumes from point sources and seepage the ocean bottom. The originate clear, 150–400°C solutions that vent mineralized chimneys; precipitate dissolved metals particles to form black or white smokers they turbulently mix with ambient seawater; buoyantly rise hundreds of meters a level neutral density where spread laterally. discharges networks fractures at rock‐water interface diffuse flow, lower temperatures, metal contents, buoyancy...

We present a 26 day time series (October 2010) of physical properties (volume flux, flow velocity, expansion rate) vigorous deep‐sea hydrothermal plume measured using our Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS), which is connected to the Northeast Pacific Time Series Underwater Experiment Canada at Main Endeavour Field on Juan de Fuca Ridge. COVIS quantitatively monitors initial buoyant rise from above vents. The exhibits temporal variations vertical volume flux ( ), centerline...

This paper presents preliminary results from a research project, which investigates how people comprehend the internal structure of 3D visualizations and what specific properties such make it more difficult for users to understand information being presented.Participants were asked draw face cut plane various while verbalizing their thoughts.Data was collected by videotaping participants' problem solving process.The verbal protocols gestures drawings analyzed using grounded theory approach...

The relative importance of suspended particles and turbulence as backscattering mechanisms within a hydrothermal plume located on the Endeavour Segment Juan de Fuca Ridge is determined by comparing acoustic backscatter measured Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS) with model calculations based in situ samples plume. Analysis yields estimates mass concentration size distribution particles, which are used to quantify their contribution backscatter. result shows negligible effects...

Diffuse flow of hydrothermal solutions commonly occurs in patchy areas up to tens meters diameter seafloor fields. It is recognized as a quantitatively significant component thermal and chemical fluxes, yet elusive map. We report new acoustic method detect map diffuse using phase‐coherent correlation techniques. The sonar system was modified record phase information mounted on DSV SEA CLIFF. submersible occupied stationary position the transducer scanned surrounding Monolith Vent, sulfide...

A method is developed for using multibeam sonar to map the flow velocity field of black smoker plumes. The used obtain two‐dimensional cross‐sectional maps vertical velocity, but capable mapping in three dimensions. This contrast conventional current meters, which measure only at several points and acoustic Doppler profilers, whose diverging beams cannot readily interior a plume. Geometric corrections are estimate component compensating ambient current. demonstrated data from main plume...

Abstract Feature‐based time‐varying volume visualization is combined with illustrative to tell the story of how mesoscale ocean eddies form in Gulf Stream and transport heat nutrients across basin. The internal structure these three‐dimensional kinematics which they move are critical a full understanding eddies. In this work, we apply feature‐based method track instances through time steps high‐resolution multi‐decadal regional model generate series eddy paths reflect life cycle individual...

Abstract The Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS) was installed on the Ocean Observatories Initiative's Regional Array observatory at ASHES hydrothermal vent field Axial Seamount in July 2018. acoustic backscatter data recorded by COVIS August–September 2018, conjunction with situ temperature measurements, are used to showcase and verify use of for long‐term, quantitative monitoring discharge. Specifically, sonar processing generates three‐dimensional images buoyant plumes above...

Abstract Tidal oscillations of venting temperature and chlorinity have been observed in the long‐term time series data recorded by Benthic Resistivity Sensors (BARS) at Grotto mound on Juan de Fuca Ridge. In this study, we use a one‐dimensional two‐layer poroelastic model to conduct preliminary investigation three hypothetical scenarios which seafloor tidal loading can modulate through mechanisms subsurface mixing and/or pumping. For first scenario, our results demonstrate that it is...

Understanding the science behind ultra-scale simulations requires extracting meaning from data sets of hundreds terabytes or more. At extreme scales, are so huge, there is not even enough time to view data, let alone explore it with basic visualization methods. Automated tools necessary for knowledge discovery help sift through information and isolate characteristic patterns, thereby enabling scientist study local interactions, origin features, their evolution, i.e. activity detection in...

Most data used in the study of seafloor hydrothermal plumes consists sonar (acoustic) scans and sensor readings. Visual captures only a portion range due to prohibitive cost physical infeasibility taking sufficient lighting video equipment such extreme depths. However, visual images are available from research dives recent IMAX movie, volcanoes deep sea. In this application paper, we apply existing models with forward scattering light attenuation 3D order mimic available. These generated...

Abstract The 2015 eruption at Axial Seamount, an active volcano a depth of 1500 m in the Northeast Pacific, marked first time seafloor was detected and monitored by situ cabled observatory—the Cabled Array, which is part Ocean Observatories Initiative. After onset eruption, eight noncabled instruments on recorded unusual, nearly synchronous spatially uniform temperature increases 0.6–0.7°C across southern half caldera neighboring areas. These signals were substantially different from those...