This book is very timely since no comprehensive treatment of small angle x-ray scattering has been published the 1955 by Guinier and Fournet, which out print for a long time. Some review papers conference proceedings have appeared then, but these were restricted in scope too specialised.

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are promising candidates for a broad range of "green" applications, which their interaction with solid surfaces plays crucial role. In this high-energy x-ray reflectivity study, the temperature-dependent structures three tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate anion in contact charged sapphire substrate were investigated submolecular resolution. All RTILs show strong interfacial layering, starting cation layer at and decaying exponentially into bulk...

The roughness of the liquid-vapor interface for pure water was measured by a technique x-ray reflectivity. With synchrotron radiation ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}1.5$ \AA{}A), angular dependence reflectivity from grazing incidence (\ensuremath{\sim}0.0021 rad), where greater than 0.96, to an incident angle \ensuremath{\sim}0.05 rad, \ensuremath{\sim}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. A fit data theory with only one adjustable parameter obtains 3.2 \AA{}A...

We report x-ray reflectivity measurements on the free surface of dodecylcyanobiphenyl (12CB) at isotropic to smectic-A phase transition. At about 10?deC above ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{IA}}$, smectic-A-like ordering develops while bulk remains isotropic. The angular dependence specular is consistent with a sinusoidal density modulation, starting and terminating abruptly, after an integral number bilayers. As transition approached layers increases in quantized steps from zero five before...

The $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$ and $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1,3}$ emission spectra of the $3d$ transition metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu were measured, employing a single-crystal diffractometer optimized for minimal instrumental broadening. high-accuracy diffractometer, interferometrically calibrated silicon crystal employed ensure absolute wavelengths in metric scale to sub-part-per-million accuracy. An accurate analytic representation each line, obtained by fit set Lorentzians, is...

A rare surface freezing phenomenon is observed in molten normal alkanes, using x-ray and tension measurements. An ordered monolayer forms on the of liquid alkane at temperatures up to 3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above bulk temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{f}}$. The structure was studied detail for a wide range molecular lengths temperatures. single layer formed persists down phase exists only carbon numbers 16\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}50. molecules are...

The surface normal structure of the mercury liquid-vapor interface has been investigated by measuring x-ray reflectivity out to a momentum transfer ${q}_{z}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2.5$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{--1}$. results provide direct experimental proof layering in liquid metals. layer spacing is given atomic dimensions Hg atoms. minimum width agrees well with predictions capillary wave theory; amplitude decays into bulk characteristic length 3--3.5 \AA{}, which...

The oxidation of liquid-gallium surfaces has been investigated with surface x-ray scattering techniques. By exposing the liquid-metal at room temperature to doses on order 180 L oxygen where 1 L=${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Torr s, a gallium oxide film well-defined thickness \ensuremath{\sim}5 \AA{} readily forms. and roughness liquid/oxide oxide/vapor interfaces do not change dosage up 1600 nor 573 K. This is in contrast what observed for bare liquid-Ga surface, which roughened...

Surface-induced atomic layering in liquid gallium has been observed using x-ray reflectivity, ultrahigh vacuum conditions, and sputtered clean surfaces. Reflectivity data, collected on a supercooled sample to momentum transfers as large ${q}_{z}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3.0{\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, exhibit strong maximum near 2.4 \AA{} ${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ indicating layer spacing that is comparable its dimensions. The amplitude of the electron density...

X-ray scattering and surface tension measurements reveal the formation of a crystalline monolayer on liquid n-alkanes at about 3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above bulk solidification temperature. The molecules in are hexagonally packed oriented normal to surface. single solid persists down temperature, thus exhibiting very limited partial wetting.

The surface structure and thermodynamics of two ionic liquids, based on the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, were studied by X-ray reflectivity tensiometry. A molecular layer a density approximately 18% higher than that bulk is found to form at free these liquids. In common with layering in liquid metals freezing melts organic chain molecules, this effect induced lower dimensionality surface. concentrations oppositely charged ions within are determined chemical substitution anion....

Surface tension measurements reveal surface freezing in liquid n-alkanes. A solid monolayer of molecules is found to exist up 30 degrees C above the bulk point. This phase exists only for carbon numbers 14 n </= 50. The measured number and temperature dependence interpreted within a simple thermodynamical model based on known latent heat data energy considerations. vanishing possible transition from melting behavior.

We present the first reported optical second-harmonic microscope images of a biological sample—rattail tendon—and discuss, also for time, need to distinguish between coherent and incoherent imaging. Our data show that currently unexplained macroscopic polar order this classic representative connective tissue is due both network containing large number fine, polar, filamentlike structures permeate entire tendon volume small intensely surface patches.

X-ray measurements reveal a crystalline monolayer at the surface of eutectic liquid Au_{82}Si_{18}, temperatures above alloy's melting point. Surface-induced atomic layering, hallmark metals, is also found below monolayer. The layering depth, however, threefold greater than that all metals studied to date. crystallinity notable, considering AuSi does not form stable bulk phases any concentration and temperature no phase has been detected thus far in pure metal or nondilute alloy. These...

Abstract The advent of well‐collimated, high‐intensity synchrotron X‐ray sources and the consequent development surface‐specific diffraction fluorescence techniques have recently revolutionized study Langmuir monolayers at air–liquid interface. These methods allowed for first time determination in‐plane vertical structure such with a resolution approaching atomic level. We briefly describe these methods, including grazing incidence diffraction, specular reflectivity, Bragg rods, standing...

The structure of two model room temperature ionic liquids, [BMIM](+)[PF(6)](-) and [BMIM](+)[BF(4)](-), near the solid/liquid interface with charged Al(2)O(3)(0001) (sapphire) was determined subnanometer resolution by high energy (72.5 keV) x-ray reflectivity. exhibits alternately charged, exponentially decaying, near-surface layering. By contrast, smaller-anion compound, shows only a single layer enhanced electron density at interface. different layering behaviors, their characteristic...

Significance Rounded oil-in-water emulsion droplets are ubiquitous in life and technology. We demonstrate that crystallization of the monomolecular nanolayer at interface these provides a novel way to control shape liquid droplets. In particular, undergo spontaneous faceting transition, split, grow tails. All transitions fully temperature-controllable reversible. The observed phenomena mimic selection virus capsids, virus-associated pyramid formation lipid membranes, growth rod-like...

X-ray reflectivity measurements have been carried out at the liquid/vapor interface of normal alkanes. The reflectivities over a large temperature range different chain lengths (C20 and C36) provide critical test various capillary wave models. Our data are most consistent with hybrid model which allows for molecular size dependent cutoff ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathrm{max}}$ waves an intrinsic width ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{0}$.

We report x-ray reflectivity (XR) and small-angle off-specular diffuse-scattering (DS) measurements from the surface of liquid indium close to its melting point $156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ From XR we extract structure factor convolved with fluctuations in height surface. present a model describe DS that takes into account factor, thermally excited capillary waves, experimental resolution. The experimentally determined follows this no adjustable parameters, allowing be...

The K${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{1,2}$ and K${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{1,3}$ spectra of copper were measured using double- single-crystal diffractometers whose finite resolution effects carefully characterized corrected for. A phenomenological the into Lorentzians is given, yielding excellent R factors close to 1%. Fits our detailed relativistic Dirac-Fock nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock ab initio calculations reveal that line shapes can be accounted for by diagram single 3d spectator...

Recent refinement studies of a consolidated set Si structure factors have produced information on the charge density with an unprecedented level accuracy, unmatched by any other crystallographic study to date. In this work we examine extent which accurate implementation local-density formalism can describe distribution in silicon, as well that experimentally less-refined data diamond and germanium. Results recent germanium measurements are presented compared ab initio calculations. Our...

Surface-induced atomic layering at the liquid/vapor interface in liquid metals has been observed using x-ray reflectivity on sputtered clean surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A well-defined quasi-Bragg peak is obtained for of elemental Ga and a Ga-In alloy large wave vectors ${\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{z}}$\ensuremath{\sim}2.3--2.5 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. These results are an unambiguous indication with interlayer spacing...

A crystalline counterionic layer at the interface between an electrolyte solution and a charged of insoluble amphiphilic molecules was observed with grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Uncompressed arachidic films spread over 10(-3) molar cadmium chloride (pH 8.8) spontaneously form clusters coherence lengths approximately 1000 angstroms 9 degrees C. Ten distinct diffraction peaks were observed, seven which attributed to scattering only from Cd(2+) other three primarily...

A stable high-accuracy method for calculating the inverse of Abel’s integral equation experimentally derived data is presented. The employs a piece-wise cubic spline function, least-squares fitted to data, represent function as inverted. Three formulas, two which are based on well-known analytic inverses and new one, was recently developed by authors does not contain an explicit derivative, given numerically. results numerical tests performed using these formulas simulated presented compared...