A5083457150- Reading and Literacy Development
- Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Text Readability and Simplification
- Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Writing and Handwriting Education
- Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
- Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Nerve injury and regeneration
- Ion channel regulation and function
- Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
- Neural dynamics and brain function
- Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Multisensory perception and integration
- Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Early Childhood Education and Development
- Language Development and Disorders
- Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy
- Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Diverse Education Studies and Reforms
University College London
1843-2024
Language Science (South Korea)
2023-2024
Aston University
2018-2022
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
2004-2019
Medical Research Council
2010-2017
Royal Holloway University of London
2014-2017
University of Cambridge
2014
King's College London
1988-2013
University of Oxford
2006-2010
Tewkesbury Community Hospital
2010
Background: Poor comprehenders have difficulty comprehending connected text, despite having age‐appropriate levels of reading accuracy and fluency. We used a longitudinal design to examine earlier language skills in children identified as poor mid‐childhood. Method: Two hundred forty‐two began the study at age 5. Further assessments skill were made 5.5, 6, 7 8 years. At 8, fifteen met criteria for being comprehender compared 15 control both concurrently prospectively. Results: showed normal...
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative and it critical to develop models which recapitulate the pathogenic process including effect of ageing process. Although pathogenesis sporadic PD unknown, identification mendelian genetic factor PINK1 has provided new mechanistic insights. In order investigate role in disease, we studied loss function human primary mouse neurons. Using RNAi, created stable knockdown dopaminergic neurons differentiated from foetal ventral...
To examine the role of microtubules in growth cone turning, we have compared microtubule organization cones advancing on uniform laminin substrates with their turning at a laminin–tenascin border. The majority (82%) had symmetrical organization, which entering splay out toward periphery cone. Growth tenascin borders symmetrically arranged only 34% cases, whereas cases were displaced one-half cone, presumably stabilizing direction turn along These results suggest that reorganization could...
Two experiments explored learning, generalization, and the influence of semantics on orthographic processing in an artificial language. In Experiment 1, 16 adults learned to read 36 novel words written characters. Posttraining, participants discriminated trained from untrained items generalized items, demonstrating extraction individual character sounds. Frequency consistency effects learning generalization showed that were sensitive statistics their environment. 2, 32 preexposed sounds all...
There is strong scientific consensus that emphasizing print-to-sound relationships critical when learning to read alphabetic languages. Nevertheless, reading instruction varies across English-speaking countries, from intensive phonic training multicuing environments teach sound- and meaning-based strategies. We sought understand the behavioral neural consequences of these differences in relative emphasis. taught 24 adults 2 sets novel words (e.g., /buv/, /sig/), written different unfamiliar...
Understanding how we read is a fundamental question for psychology, with critical implications education. Studies of word reading tend to focus on the mappings between written and spoken forms words. In this article, review evidence from developmental, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, computational studies that show knowledge meanings inextricably involved in reading. Consequently, models must better specify role meaning skilled its acquisition. Further, our paves way educationally...
We have previously shown that the neural adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM influence second messenger systems when triggered with specific antibodies at surface of phaeochromocytoma PC12 cell line (Schuch et al., Neuron, 3, 13 - 20, 1989). To determine whether two are linked to same intracellular signalling cascades, independent type expressing them, or different types respond signal transduction mechanisms, we investigated effects N-CAM, isolated themselves, on in types. cultures cerebellar...
Abstract We have identified distinct domains of the rat extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin‐R using recombinant fragments molecule that confer neuronal cell functions. In short‐term adhesion assays (0.5 h), cerebellar neurons adhered best to fragment representing fibrinogen knob (FG), but also fibronectin type Ill (FN) repeats 1‐2 and 6‐8. FG, FN1‐2 FN3‐5 were most repellent for bodies. Neurites growth cones strongly repelled from areas coated with containing cysteine‐rich stretch...
It has been suggested that differential neural activity in imaging studies is most informative if it independent of response time (RT) differences. However, others view RT as a behavioural index key cognitive processes, which likely linked to underlying activity. Here, we reconcile these views using the effort and engagement framework developed by Taylor, Rastle, Davis (2013) data from domain reading aloud. We propose differences should be RT, whereas, co-vary with RT. illustrate different...
Reading involves transforming arbitrary visual symbols into sounds and meanings. This study interrogated the neural representations in ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT) that support this transformation process. Twenty-four adults learned to read 2 sets of 24 novel words shared phonemes semantic categories but were written different artificial orthographies. Following wk training, participants trained while activity was measured with functional MRI. Representational similarity analysis on...
We studied the initial acquisition and overnight consolidation of new spoken words that resemble in native language (L1) or an unfamiliar, non-native (L2). Spanish-speaking participants learned forms novel their (Spanish) a different (Hungarian), which were paired with pictures familiar unfamiliar objects, no picture. thereby assessed, factorial way, impact existing knowledge (schema) on word learning by manipulating both semantic (familiar vs objects) phonological (L1- L2-like words)...
Writing systems are cultural inventions that differ in how they represent spoken language. We tested the brain learns to map arbitrary visual symbols sound and meaning by comparing neural activity for artificial writing were either alphabetic (systematic symbol-sound mappings) or logographic (arbitrary mappings). 24 adults learned read aloud comprehend novel words written each system. After two-weeks of training, functional magnetic resonance imaging during reading comprehension revealed...
Abstract: Growth cone fractions isolated from neonatal [postnatal day 3 (P3)] rat forebrain contain GABAergic growth cones as demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining with monospecific antibodies to γ ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). HPLC analysis shows that release this endogenous GABA when stimulated high K + . Endogenous is Ca 2+ ‐independent and, in respect, similar seen previously [ H]GABA. Isolated also exhibit a ‐stimulated, of taurine. None the other amino acids shown be present were...
Neuronal growth cones isolated in bulk from neonatal rat forebrain have uptake and K(+)-stimulated release mechanisms for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Up to including postnatal day 5, the of [3H]GABA endogenous GABA is Ca2+ independent. At these ages, neither contain synaptic vesicles nor stain vesicle antigens. Here we examined possibility that mechanism underlying Ca2(+)-independent by reversal plasma membrane transporter. The effects two transporter inhibitors, nipecotic an analogue...
Morphological processing, the ability to extract information about word structure, is an essential component of reading. Functional MRI studies have identified several cortical regions involved in morphological but white matter pathways that support this skill remain unknown. Here, we examine relationship between behavioral measures processing and microstructural properties pathways. Using diffusion (dMRI), major ventral dorsal reading a group 45 adult English readers. The same participants...
There is profound and long-standing debate over the role of explicit instruction in reading acquisition. In this research, we investigated impact teaching regularities writing system explicitly rather than relying on learners to discover these through text experience alone. Over 10 days, 48 adults learned read novel words printed two artificial systems. One group spelling-to-sound spelling-to-meaning solely with words, whereas other received a brief session before training commenced. Results...
Tenascin-R, an extracellular matrix constituent expressed by oligodendrocytes and some neuronal cell types, may contribute to the inhibition of axonal regeneration in adult central nervous system. Here we show that outgrowth embryonic retinal ganglion axons from mouse explants is significantly reduced on homogeneous substrates tenascin-R or a bacterially fragment comprising epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF-L). When both molecules are presented as sharp substrate border, regrowing do...
Abstract Multiple neurocognitive processes are involved in the highly complex task of producing written words. Yet, little is known about neural pathways that support spelling healthy adults. We assessed associations between performance on a difficult spelling-to-dictation and microstructural properties language-related white matter pathways, sample 73 native English-speaking neurotypical Participants completed diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scan cognitive assessment battery. Using...
Abstract: Proteases of the interleukin‐1β converting enzyme (ICE) family have been implicated as mediators apoptosis in several cell types. Here we report ability peptide inhibitors ICE‐like proteases to inhibit cultured cerebellar granule neurones caused by reduction extracellular K + levels and broad‐spectrum protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Unlike induced deprivation, staurosporine‐induced neuronal death does not require new synthesis. The protease benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp ( O...
Using a set of recombinantly expressed proteins, distinct domains the mouse extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C, hereafter called tenascin, have been identified to confer adhesion, anti-adhesion, and changes in morphology neuronal cells. In short-term adhesion assays (1 hr), cerebellar hippocampal neurons adhered several domains, encompassing fibronectin type III-like (FN III) repeats 1–2 6–8, as well alternatively spliced FN III tenascin itself. Although no EGF containing fragment...