Georeferencing of aerial images from small unmanned systems (sUASs) is often achieved using (1) an abundant number ground control points (GCPs), or (2) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) postprocessed kinematic (PPK) georeferencing, which utilizes accurate positioning for captured and waives the requirement having GCPs. In addition, GCPs allow camera self-calibration when calibration not available in advance. This study assesses impact GCP (and their separation distance) on elevation...

Abstract Point-cloud coordinate information derived from terrestrial Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is important for several applications in surveying and civil engineering. Plane fitting segmentation of target-surfaces an step such as the monitoring structures. Reliable parametric modeling relies on underlying quality point-cloud. Therefore, understanding how point-cloud errors affect planes important. intensity, which accompanies data, often goes hand-in-hand with noise. This study...

Rockfalls pose significant risks to infrastructure, leading safety hazards, road closures, and substantial economic losses from detour delays damages transport. These are expected intensify due the increased frequency severity of storms, adverse weather events driven by climate change, seismic activity, all which accelerate rock slope deterioration. Current rockfall mitigation approaches present notable challenges. Short-term methods, such as scaling blasting, both costly hazardous, they...

Abstract Enhancing experience and learning of first-year surveying engineering student with immersive virtual reality Dimitrios Bolkas (Penn State Wilkes-Barre) Jeffery Chiampi This paper, a work in progress, focuses on the application Surveying Engineering laboratories. Students enrolled major at Penn Wilkes-Barre take SUR 111 fall 162 spring. These courses have primary objective to introduce students equipment, practices, techniques for 3D data collection. Both contain an outdoor...

The use of terrain and elevation data is critical for a number applications in science engineering. Typically, the quality digital models (DEMs) assessed using external independent point sources to arrive at an overall RMS value errors. utility such single-valued assessment depends on spatial extent area under consideration variability (both over time space), as well application requirements. This paper aimed understand suite parameters that are important consider deriving DEM error budget....

Applications of convolutional neural network (CNN)-based object detectors in agriculture have been a popular research topic recent years. However, complicated agricultural environments bring many difficulties for ground truth annotation as well potential uncertainties image data quality. Using YOLOv4 representation state-of-the-art detectors, this study quantified YOLOv4's sensitivity against artificial distortions including white noise, motion blur, hue shift, saturation change, and...

Technological advancements in virtual reality have opened the door for widespread dissemination and application engineering education. In surveying engineering, outdoor labs are essential, because they offer great means experiential learning preparation real applications. However, challenges related to weather, inaccessibility sites, transportation costs, liability reduce time spent with instruments, limit comprehension of procedures preparedness job market. Through reality, we can create...

Laser scanning intensity captures information about the reflectance of target-surfaces and is used for a variety applications such as data registration, classification, object detection recognition. To enhance its utility, values often undergo correction process, which reduces influence nuisance parameters on recorded (often range incidence angle). This study applies tests Torrance-Sparrow model to correct angle effect in terrestrial laser scanning. Main components are geometrical...

In recent years, immersive virtual reality has been used in disciplines such as engineering, sciences, and education. Point-cloud technologies laser scanning unmanned aerial systems have become important for creating environments. This paper discusses environments from 3D point-cloud data suitable interactive reality. Both sUAS point-clouds are utilised. These merged using a custom-made algorithm that identifies gaps the master dataset (laser scanner) fills them with slave (sUAS) resulting...

Abstract Introductory surveying engineering courses include several outdoor labs that introduce students to proper use instruments and equipment. Through practice experiential learning develop technical skills learn about techniques methods. In addition, through review reflection of their surveys, are able reinforce concepts learned in lectures. Outdoor have challenges such as being affected by weather leading cancellations disrupt the educational process. Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic has...

Experiential learning through outdoor labs is an integral component of surveying education. Cancelled as a result weather, the inability to visit wide variety terrain location, recent distance education requirements create significant instructional challenges. In this paper, we present software solution called reality (SurReal); allows for students conduct immersive and interactive virtual labs. This paper discusses development differential leveling lab. The developed faithfully replicates...

Abstract This paper discusses the development and integration of immersive 360-videos in surveying engineering education. Surveying is a major taught few accredited universities United States. Education students requires an extensive number laboratories (indoor outdoor). Outdoor are used to develop skills with instruments, teach field techniques, reinforce concepts lectures. Time allotted for work usually three hours. Instructors use considerable portion time on providing overview lab, which...

Abstract Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and camera-equipped small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are two methods that often used to produce dense point clouds for several monitoring applications. This paper compares the in their ability provide accurate information rockfill embankment dams. We compare terms of uncertainty, data completeness, field acquisition/processing challenges. For both datasets, we derive an error budget considers registration measurement uncertainty. also proceed...

Agricultural and forestry operations significantly affect land morphology. Monitoring topographical morphological changes is important in agriculture, geomorphology, soil sciences for improving management. Tillage one of the most common management methods, which aims at loosening optimizing edaphological conditions. This paper used point cloud data from a mine reclamation project Brisbin, Pennsylvania that employed deep tillage methods to improve structure. In recent years, technologies such...

Small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) photogrammetry and light detection ranging (LiDAR) experienced fast development over the last decade, making two technologies an integral component of surveying mapping. Both are capable producing dense point clouds high resolution accuracy. Despite many benefits, sensors offer different advantages disadvantages; they can also perform better or worse when encountering surfaces. Understanding performance differences becomes important for practitioners who...

Technological advancements of the past decades have considerably changed surveying profession and education required to become a surveyor. Many states require combination (sometimes at least 4-year) experience. There is an ongoing concern about future profession, because number accredited schools limited enrollment often can be low. This frequently connected with low public awareness profession. Therefore, it important that make efforts increase profile surveying. An step towards this goal...

Abstract. Surveying engineering education includes several outdoor laboratories that complement and enhance theoretical concepts taught in class. In addition, develop student skills with instruments surveying techniques. These are often affected by weather, leading to cancelled laboratories, which reduce the time students spend disrupt/delay academic plan. Furthermore, terrain characteristics important surveying, as each project introduce unique challenges. However, training takes places one...

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the best means for referencing a regional geoid-based vertical datum network tide gauges. In study, 27 gauge stations scattered along coasts Canada are used in order assess replacement conventionally derived Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum 1928 with datum. This in-line future implementation plan Canada’s height system. A mixed least-squares adjustment was performed various scenarios, including satellite-only global geoid models,...

A multiresolution wavelet analysis of gravity datasets obtained from satellite, airborne, and terrestrial platforms was conducted to estimate their spectral differences develop a fused free-air model. In this study, fifth-generation Gravity field steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite model (DIRR5 TIMR5), data were compared within various bands using decomposition. The combined in two-dimensional approximation while taking into account strongest content derive that shows...

Abstract Accurate topographic information is critical for a number of applications in science and engineering. In recent years, airborne light detection ranging (LiDAR) has become standard tool acquiring high quality information. The assessment LiDAR derived DEMs typically based on (i) independent ground control points (ii) forward error propagation utilizing the geo-referencing equation. latter approach dependent stochastic model observation components. this paper, well-known statistical...

Abstract This is an evidence-based practice paper related to Surveying Engineering. Engineering, often referred with the modern term "Geomatics", essential field of engineering. engineering has a significant role in construction and highway projects, mapping boundary determination, building information management, land monitoring structures, etc. tasks include many revolutionary technologies including Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), laser scanning, photogrammetry, using small...