Pomegranates are nutrient-rich fruits renowned for their vibrant ruby-red seeds and antioxidant properties. With a rich history rooted in various cultures, pomegranates have gained widespread popularity distinct flavor potential health benefits. Timely detection understanding of the growth stages can facilitate optimized resource allocation, targeted interventions, efficient crop management. Additionally, early contributes to maximizing yield, ensuring product quality, mitigating risks such...

Biofloc technology assists in increasing the sustainability of fish farming by reusing and recycling waste water. However, its sophisticated operation makes it very sensitive to environmental conditions. A slight disturbance one or more parameters can lead high mortality loss. IoT systems provide an efficient way closely monitoring biofloc avoid catastrophe. The best aqua conditions vary depending on fish. Therefore, there is a strong need explore ideal for different fishes. In this work, we...

The agriculture field is the basis of a country's change and financial system. Crops are main source revenue for people. One farmer's most challenging problems choosing right crops their land. This critical decision has direct impact on productivity profit. Wrong crop selection not only reduces yields but also causes food shortages, creating more farmers. best depends many parameters such as illustration humidity, N, K, P, pH, rainfall, temperature soil. Getting advice from experts an easy...

Wheat is one of the world's most widely cultivated cereal crops and a primary food source for significant portion population. goes through several distinct developmental phases, accurately identifying these stages essential precision farming. Determining wheat growth crucial increasing efficiency agricultural yield in Preliminary research identified obstacles distinguishing between stages, negatively impacting crop yields. To address this, this study introduces an innovative approach,...

Thyroid syndrome, a complex endocrine disorder, involves the dysregulation of thyroid gland, impacting vital physiological functions. Common causes include autoimmune disorders, iodine deficiency, and genetic predispositions. The effects syndrome extend beyond itself, affecting metabolism, energy levels, overall well-being. is associated with severe cases dysfunction, highlighting potentially life-threatening consequences untreated or inadequately managed disorders. This research aims to...

Hybrid visible light communication and radio frequency (VLC/RF) networks provide combined benefits of both technologies. This is an eminent technology for providing 5G services in indoor environment. Because small coverage range, multiple VLC cells co-exist a close proximity. For efficiently utilizing resources access points (VLC-APs), different approach than conventional multi RF-APs based resource allocation schemes required due to unique characteristics light. In this paper, we optimized...

MAC layer adaptation is very crucial for supporting dense and diverse data requirements of sensor networks in smart cities, powered by energy harvesting. In this paper, we perform optimization maximizing throughput subject to application-specific needs availability Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs). contrast previous schemes that limit consumption based on current only, propose Prediction Management algorithm (EPEM). This exploits prediction sets threshold rate...

Due to the limited capabilities of nodes in biological nanonetworks, several need cooperate perform complicated tasks. Therefore, a simple and efficient routing scheme is crucial for these networks. In this paper, novel mechanism that utilizes concentration gradient guide towards sink proposed. contrast previous schemes rely on predetermined network topology or frequent information exchange finding path, thus incurring additional implementation cost, we utilize bacteria, such as directional...

Abstract For achieving high bandwidth, fast, and robust communication in 5G, multiple technologies are needed to work under heterogeneous networks. Visible light communication, due its low latency, small interference area, will be a significant part of 5G along with mmwave. In this paper, new frame structure has been proposed that implements reserve before transmit scheme. scheme, the active portion starts contention access‐based reservation period (RP) followed by access point response (RES...

Wireless sensor grids form a special class of networks that find more applicability than their randomly deployed counterparts in many commercial applications due to innate regularity design and operation. In contemporary wireless grids, primarily single gateway each node senses the information follows relay relationship with forming multisource receiver paradigm pursues an added energy consumption pattern serves as premier bottleneck grid environment. This research focuses on statistically...

In this paper, we optimize the slot allocation for uplink communication in a network comprising multiple VLC based access points (APs) and an RF-AP indoor environment. Instead of connecting node to either single VLC-AP or RF-AP, exploits resources APs. An optimization problem is formulated these with objective increasing overall throughput. As result, get resource scheme that utilize RF APs (MV + RF), contrast previous schemes utilizing use overloaded traffic, namely (SV O RF). We compare...

IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) are envisaged to play an important role in future ubiquitous network applications. When multiple PANs operate the same area called personal operating space (POS), they not aware of each other's presence and hence able communicate with other. In this paper, we present a framework for intercommunication neighboring located through sensor nodes residing at border. By time sharing logical channels, gating operation is performed by border two...