The crystallization of amorphous Si induced by Al during heat treatment has been investigated cross section and plan view transmission electron microscopy. lowest temperature was found to be 440 K. temperature, however, depends on the thickness layers in layered structures concentration co-deposited below 1-nm-layer 15 at.% concentration, respectively. Al-induced starts at Al/amorphous interfaces is located close them. amount crystallized quantity increases with mechanism involves...

Indoor climate is closely related to human health, comfort and productivity. Vertical plant wall systems, embedded with sensors actuators, have become a promising application for indoor control. In this study, we explore the possibility of applying machine learning based anomaly detection methods vertical systems so as enhance automation improve intelligence realize predictive maintenance climate. Two categories anomalies, namely point anomalies contextual are researched. Prediction-based...

Historic buildings require good maintenance to sustain their function and preserve embodied heritage values. Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of digitalization techniques in improving managing threats historic buildings. However, there still lacks a solution that can consistently organize data collected from reveal operating conditions real-time facilitate various analytics simulations. This study aims provide such help achieve preventive conservation. The proposed integrates...

Building energy forecasting facilitates optimizing daily operation scheduling and long-term planning. Many studies have demonstrated the potential of data-driven approaches in producing point forecasts use. Despite this, little work has been undertaken to understand uncertainty forecasts. However, many decision-making scenarios require information from a full conditional distribution In addition, recent advances deep learning not fully exploited for building forecasting. Motivated by these...

An indoor climate is closely related to human health, well-being, and comfort. Thus, monitoring management are prevalent in many places, from public offices residential houses. Our previous research has shown that an active plant wall system can effectively reduce the concentrations of particulate matter volatile organic compounds stabilize carbon dioxide concentration environment. However, regular care restricted by geography be costly terms time money, which poses a significant challenge...

This study showcases the digitalization of Löfstad Castle in Sweden to contribute preserving its heritage values. The castle and collections are deteriorating due an inappropriate indoor climate. To address this, thirteen cloud-connected sensor boxes, equipped with 84 sensors, were installed throughout main building, from basement attic, continuously monitor various environmental parameters. collected extensive multi-parametric data form basis for creating a parametric digital twin building....

Thin-film multilayer structures of a-Si/Al/a-Si and a-Si/Sb/a-Si were deposited by electron-beam evaporation. The microstructure the electrical properties as-deposited annealed (T<1370 K) thin films determined. A p-n junction was formed between polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) doped with Sb a p-type Si substrate. Al found to induce crystallization a-Si at 600 700 K, respectively. After annealing 1370 K for 60 min, resistivities 7.0×10−3 Ω cm Al-Si sample 1.4×10−2 Sb-Si obtained....

This paper presents measurement results for a six-port-based demodulator designed center frequency of 7.5 GHz and with bandwidth 1 operation in the ultra-wideband band. The includes six-port correlator, diodes, amplifiers needed to recover baseband data. Measurement show that prototype supports data rates at 1.7 Gbit/s bit-error rate if two-tap linear equalizer is used only threshold detection used. measured performance correlator including presented their influence on overall system...

Internet of Things (IoT) has been found pervasive use cases and become a driving force to constitute digital society. The ultimate goal IoT is data the intelligence generated from data. With progress in public cloud computing technologies, more can be stored, processed analyzed release power IoT. However, due heterogeneity hardware communication protocols world, interoperability compatibility among different link layer protocols, sub-systems, back-end services have significant challenge...

Today, the edge-cloud computing paradigm starts to gain increasing popularity, aiming enable short latency, fast decision-making and intelligence at network edge, especially for industrial applications. The container-based virtualization technology has been put on roadmap by industry implement infrastructures. Has performance of stacks reached requirement? In this paper, from client perspective, we provide a evaluation methodology apply it state-of-the-art containerization-based influences...

This paper presents a direct carrier six-port modulator. To allow arbitrary load impedances to be used and for suppression of leakage, new circuit architecture with technique suppress leakage is proposed implemented. A theoretical model the modulator derived. prototype utilizing diodes impedance generation designed fabricated center frequency 7.5 GHz verification technique. Measurements show good modulation properties when 16 quadrature amplitude signal at 100 Msymbol/s generated, as well...

This study proposes a digitalization framework for historic buildings. In this framework, advanced techniques, like Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI), are utilized to create digital twins A twin is software representation physical object. uses protect, predict, optimize through analytics real-time historical data selected features. Heterogeneous buildings, such as indoor environment, energy consumption metering, outdoor climate, collected with proper...

Bilayers of Sb and Si thin films were deposited at room temperature on a (20–30 nm) Si3N4 film using electron-beam evaporation. The solid-state reactions in the bilayers investigated transmission electron microscope (TEM) during situ annealing Auger spectroscopy (AES). resulted either an amorphous Sb-Si (a-Sb-Si) alloy or caused crystallization silicon (a-Si) low temperatures, depending thickness a-Si layer as well heating rate. As predicted from phase diagram, no compounds between observed....

Digital transformation in buildings accumulates massive operational data, which calls for smart solutions to utilize these data improve energy performance. This study has proposed a solution, namely Deep Energy Twin, integrating deep learning and digital twins better understand building use identify the potential improving efficiency. Ontology was adopted create parametric provide consistency of format across different systems building. Based on created collected methods were used performing...

Co-deposited amorphous TiSi2 thin films with various Sb concentrations were prepared in order to study the effects of on phase transformations. The crystallization behavior was investigated by situ annealing a transmission electron microscope. transformation from C49 C54 examined x-ray diffraction. It observed that incorporation resulted higher temperature film and lower crystal growth rate. activation energies for during determined be 1.37, 1.62, 1.63, 1.87 eV (±0.07 eV) 0, 0.3, 1.3, 2.5...

An experimental study has been made on reactions in codeposited and multilayer films consisting of silicon titanium deposited by electron beam evaporation. Transmission microscopy Auger spectroscopy were used to determine structures compositions. The results from the whole composition range (0%–100%) compared with predictions calculated free-energy diagram Si-Ti system. It is revealed that phenomena metal-induced crystallization amorphous formation alloys appear two different ranges binary...

A fully integrated triplexer for multiband ultra-wideband radio is presented. The utilizes a microstrip network and three combined broadside- edge-coupled filters. It in printed circuit board with low requirements on the process tolerance. Three flat subbands frequency band 3.1-4.8 GHz have been achieved. group delay variation within each 500-MHz subband was measured to be around 1 ns. good agreement between simulation measurement obtained.

Abstract An ultrawideband 6–9 GHz six‐port correlator is designed and manufactured.Based on this correlator, behavioral models, true component circuit designs of a transceiver are developed to study the performance proposed direct conversion topology. A new modulator with controllable impedance terminations implemented field effect transistor in linear operation region presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 740–746, 2010; Published online InterScience...

A fully integrated dipole antenna with balun for ultrawideband (UWB) radio utilizing a flexible and rigid printed circuit board is presented in this paper. The concept paper to take advantage of the respective possibilities parts. utilizes broadside-coupled microstrips part board, whereas radiator placed part. covers mode 1 UWB frequency-band 3.1-4.8 GHz (with margin) at voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) <. Furthermore, good radiation characteristics linear phase response are observed measurements.

The use of Schottky diodes as high-speed variable impedance loads in six-port modulators are proposed and analyzed this paper. dependency diode parameters local oscillator power investigated by theoretical analysis simulations. A prototype for a direct carrier modulator using generation is designed fabricated center frequency 7.5 GHz. Measurements show good modulation properties when 16 quadrature amplitude signal at 300 Msymbol/s generated, i.e., data rate 1.2 Gbit/s, validating the modulators.

A new circuit architecture for a direct-carrier six-port modulator is proposed. The proposed uses parallel binary-valued baseband signals to control impedance loads generation of rectangular M-QAM modulation. theoretical model the also derived. prototype 64 quadrature amplitude modulation designed and fabricated center frequency 2.5 GHz verification architecture. measurements verify theory show that good performance can be obtained with does not require any digital-to-analog converter...

Motivated by the proliferation of wireless building automation systems (BAS) and increasing security-awareness among BAS operators, in this paper, we propose a taxonomy for security assessment BASs. We apply proposed to Thread, an emerging native IP-based protocol BAS. Our analysis reveals number potential weaknesses design Thread. solutions mitigating several identified discuss their efficacy. also provide suggestions improvements future versions standard. Overall, our shows that Thread has...

It is shown in this paper that the commonly used method for converting from standard single-ended to mixedmode S-parameters networks with differential signaling only works odd- and even-mode impedance equal 50Ω. A correct conversion matrix equation must include impedances which are not unique characteristic owing signal coupling network.