Structural and chemical deterioration its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). Cell mechanical properties examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness elastic modulus. Changes composition, cellulose crystallite structure porosity ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, N2 nitrogen...

A greater understanding of moisture sorption behaviour aged wooden structural components, which has a close relationship with dimensional stability, is required to effectively evaluate and preserve historical artefacts. This study focused on the effects aging Baotou beam samples from Chinese building. An analysis isotherms hysteresis loops naturally aged, decayed sample (AOS), an sound (AIS), reference (RS), using classical isotherm models revealed that same growth ring in can differ...

Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is the most commonly used silicon-based reinforcement agent for conserving art relics due to its cost-effectiveness and commercial maturity. However, resulting silica gel phase prone developing cracks as shrinks during sol–gel process, potentially causing severe damage objects being treated. In this study, dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) was introduced into TEOS minimize shrinkage by adding elastic long chains weaken capillary forces. The formed from DTMS/TEOS hybrid...

Palm leaf manuscripts, crafted from specially treated palm leaves, are invaluable historical documents. However, they degrade and tend to become brittle over time. To date, plant essential oils glycerin the used materials improve flexibility of but effective duration these is short due their volatility. This work introduces ionic liquids, a nonvolatile stable material, achieve durable toughening manuscripts. We select 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]), one most as...

ABSTRACT The relationship between the cell wall ultrastructure of waterlogged wooden archeological artifacts and state water bound to walls free in voids is fundamental develop consolidating drying technologies. Herein, a lacquer-wooden ware boat-coffin dating 4th century BC were selected as representative study. Wood anatomy results indicated that they belonged Idesia sp. Machilus sp., respectively. They exhibited typical spongy texture, revealed by SEM observations, their contents had...

Waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) artifacts, made of natural biodegradable polymers, are important parts many precious cultural heritages. It is great importance to understand the hygroscopic behavior WAW in different deterioration states for development optimal drying processes and choices safe storage varying conditions. This was investigated a case-study using two Hopea (Giam) Tectona (Teak) samples collected from Xiaobaijiao No.1 shipwreck. The state evaluated by maximum water...

Archaeological wood is a kind of ‘new material’ that has deteriorated due to long-term degradation. The existing science theory and evaluation methods are not fully applicable archaeological wood. Moreover, current physical-mechanical inadequate for fragile their insufficient accuracy the large sample amount required, causing difficulties in many necessary repeatability tests. In light these limitations, representative samples on Nanhai No. 1, merchant shipwreck Song Dynasty, were selected...

Abstract Palm leaf manuscripts, which are crucial carriers of historical, religious, scientific, and artistic information in East Southeast Asia, specifically encapsulate significant aspects Buddhist culture thus require comprehensive research preservation efforts. The base material palm manuscripts is processed leaves, hygroscopic profoundly affected by environmental humidity. Currently, there a gap regarding the impact traditional processing crafts natural aging on hygroscopicity...

Knowledge of properties building materials affected by aging is great importance to conserve cultural heritages or replace their biopolymer components. The objective the study was investigate chemical characterization change in components and identify whether these changes are correlated with alterations nanomechanical wood cell wall bio-composites relation natural aging. effects on elm (Ulmus) component (dated from 1642 1681) Chenghuang Temple, an ancient timber construction China were...

Waterlogged archaeological wood samples may degrade during long-term immersion in microbial-activity environments, which causes its biodegradation. Simultaneous dynamic vapor sorption (SDVS) and two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D COS-IR) spectroscopy reveal the degradation inhomogeneity of waterlogged fir from Shengbeiyu shipwreck. The reference exhibit type II isotherms. equilibrium moisture contents a decay region (WFD) were 22.5% higher than those sound (WFS). WFD exhibits...

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of size on strength properties Chinese larch (Larix gmelinii) dimension lumber.7546 pieces lumber were sampled in three sizes, 40 by 65 mm, 90 and 140 mm.After visually-grading grouping, mechanical bending strength, tensile compression parallel grain measured a full-size test.Using nonparametric estimates, combined length width parameters H L 0.21 0.23 for strength.The 0.29 0.33 ultimate grain.The 0.12 0.20 grain.These factors...

Hygroscopicity is one of the most important properties wood and plays a decisive role in its dimensional stability. In this context, conservation plans for waterlogged archaeological (WAW) relevant artefacts must be created. The size sample required moisture sorption assessment may affect results (and thus perception of) hygroscopicity testing artefact. Herein, to investigate effects on WAW as measured via dynamic vapour (DVS), typical recent (i.e., sound) are processed into four differently...

Abstract The significance of waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) lies in its profound informational value, encompassing historical, cultural, artistic, and scientific aspects human civilization, therefore need to be properly studied preserved. In this study, the utilization near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is employed as a predictive tool for assessing hardness value WAW. Given submerged burial conditions, wooden heritage frequently undergo substantial degradation their physical mechanical...

Wood has better load-bearing capacity following the formation of a char layer when exposed to fire. The charring rate is most important property wood with respect its fire resistance and integrity. objectives this study were determine effects factors, including density, gas permeability, ring width, grain orientation, heat flux, on rate. rates six Chinese woods tested cone calorimeter densities 0.35 0.69 g/cm3 moisture contents approximately 12%. results indicated that but not significantly...

Dehydration is the principal conservation process for waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW), with aim of preventing shrinkage and cracking. For well-preserved WAW, mainly takes place when moisture content below fiber saturation point. Here, we conduct a new trial using ionic liquid as dimensional stabilizer to maintain stable swollen state WAW. Molecular dynamics simulation (MD), measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) were adopted...

The reliability analysis method and the allowable stress were both applied in this study to determine design values of ultimate compression strength (UCS) visually-graded 40 x 65 mm dimension Chinese larch lumber.A total 784 lumber samples tested on static full-size strength, according National Standards.The goodness-of-fit for UCS distribution four visual grades analyzed, first-order, second-moment analyses under different load cases performed based all test data.The lognormal was found...