Ants, like many other animals, use visual memory to follow extended routes through complex environments, but it is unknown how their small brains implement this capability. The mushroom body neuropils have been identified as a crucial circuit in the insect brain, function has mostly explored for simple olfactory association tasks. We show that spiking neural model of originally developed describe fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) association, can also account ability desert ants...

We examined how bees solve a visual discrimination task with stimuli commonly used in numerical cognition studies. Bees performed well on the task, but additional tests showed that they had learned continuous (non-numerical) cues. A network model using biologically plausible feature filtering and simple associative rule was capable of learning only cues inherent training stimuli, no processing. This also able to reproduce behaviours have been considered other studies indicative cognition....

Conventional 2D human pose estimation methods typically require extensive labeled annotations, which are both labor-intensive and expensive. In contrast, semi-supervised can alleviate the above problems by leveraging a large amount of unlabeled data along with small portion data. Existing update network through backpropagation, ignoring crucial historical information from previous training process. Therefore, we propose novel method utilizing newly designed Teacher-Reviewer-Student...

Cooperation is common in animals, yet the specific mechanisms driving collaborative behaviour different species remain unclear. We investigated proximate underlying cooperative of bumblebees two tasks, where bees had to simultaneously push a block an arena or door at end tunnel for access reward. In both when their partner’s entry into arena/tunnel was delayed, took longer first block/door compared with control that learned alone. task, just before gaining reward, were more likely face...

This paper investigates interference coordination for 3-dimension (3D) antenna array systems in multicell multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiple-access (OFDMA) wireless networks. Cell-center user cell-edge specific downtilts are accordingly partitioned through dynamic vertical beamforming the 3D MIMO-OFDM communication systems. Taking these into consideration, objective of our proposed scheme is to maximize both cell-center users' throughput, subject...

Transmission opportunity, or TXOP, is a channel control method introduced in the IEEE 802.11e wireless LAN standard for improving utilization. In this paper, we propose an analytical model to evaluate performance of TXOP as achieving efficient burst transmissions LANs. We show how can be used estimate throughput different access categories function limit value, and calculate total achieved under basic-access RTS/CTS modes. also that improved service differentiation by using novel scheme...

Most of the recent analytical studies for IEEE802.11e quality service (QoS)-aware enhanced distributed coordination function require a large degree complexity that are difficult to apply wide range parameter settings evaluation differentiation mechanisms supported in channel access (EDCA), including contention window (CW) and arbitrary inter-frame space (AIFS) mechanisms. The authors propose novel model analyse throughput EDCA with AIFS CW schemes. is simplified by decomposing problem into...

Abstract The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite extensive studies, little is known about regulation APP’s functions vivo . Here we report that expression human APP Drosophila , same temporal-spatial pattern as its homolog APPL, induced morphological defects wings and larval NMJ, larva adult locomotion dysfunctions, male choice disorder lifespan shortening. To identify additional genes modulate functions, performed a...

Are animals' preferences determined by absolute memories for options (e.g. reward sizes) or their remembered ranking (better/worse)? The only studies examining this question suggest humans and starlings utilise both relative information. We show that bumblebees' learned are based on of ordinal comparisons. A series experiments showed after learning to discriminate pairs different flowers sucrose concentration, bumblebees preferred (in novel pairings) with (1) higher over equal reward, (2)...

Abstract The amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide, produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β and γ‐secretases, has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, precise intracellular trafficking pathway APP its subcellular locations to produce Aβ have remained unclear. To address these issues, we established fly AD models that recapitulated multiple AD‐like symptoms expressing human Drosophila nerve system. ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport)...

Abstract Dysregulation of autophagy is associated with the neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet it remains controversial whether a cause or consequence AD. We have previously expressed full‐length human APP Drosophila and established fly AD model that exhibits multiple AD‐like symptoms. Here we report depletion CHIP effectively palliated APP‐induced pathological symptoms, including morphological, behavioral, cognitive defects. Mechanistically, required for...

Traditional two-dimensional (2D) multi-input multioutput (MIMO) beamforming technologies can only adjust the beamformers in horizontal dimension according to channel information. However, due three-dimensional (3D) character of real channel, 2D MIMO not achieve optimal system throughput. In this paper, a 3D scheme is proposed, which takes into account vertical beamforming. proposed scheme, we first design codebook for Vertical based on model; then combining and legacy codebook. Through...

The traditional Femtocell shares the same licensed frequency band with Macrocell, thus introducing cross-tier interference. Interference mitigation between and Macrocell is considered to be one of major challenges in Femtocells Network. In this paper, released TV spectrum by digital switchover named White Space (TVWS) proposed reduce interference for LTE Based on combination cognitive sensing TVWS, a novel resource allocation scheme applied mitigate that Macro users are suffering from nearby...

Cellular networks operators is facing one great challenge on how to manage the exponential data traffic increase. Mobile offloading can be a low-cost and efficient way relieve pressure of cellular networks. Among various techniques, device- to-device (D2D) communications has gained more attention. However, current studies mainly concentrated between two user equipments directly, i.e., single-hop D2D most them are theoretic works. In this paper, with smartphones we build multihop platform...

Animals are often assumed to follow a strategy of energy maximization, and therefore should evaluate feeding options based on intake rates. However, at the proximal level, direct estimate rates, if that is possible all, might require postabsorptive senses with relatively longer processing times, whereas an indirect through proxies like pre-absorptive different sensory food properties support rapid foraging decisions. Here, we show nectar sugar concentration (sweetness) viscosity (resistance)...

Bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ) have been shown to engage in string-pulling behavior access rewards. The objective of this study was elucidate whether bumblebees display means-end comprehension a task. We presented with two options: one where string connected an artificial flower containing reward and the other presenting interrupted string. displayed consistent preference for pulling strings over ones after training stepwise technique. When exposed novel colors, bees continued exhibit bias...

Abstract Satellites have played an important role in global telecommunications. However, transmission control protocol (TCP) suffers performance degradations over satellite links due to the long propagation delay and high bit‐error rate. Among methods proposed alleviate impact of link characteristics on TCP performance, split connections separated by enhancement proxies (PEPs) been proven attractive because they can keep configurations end systems unchanged. While many protocols applied...

Abstract While the original IEEE 802.11 distributed coordinated function (DCF) has been widely analysed by both theoretical and simulation studies, performance of new 802.11e enhanced channel access (EDCA) not yet investigated extensively. In this paper, we extend an analytical model to capture operations arbitrary inter‐frame space, contention window differentiation transmission opportunity in EDCA for evaluation throughput collision probability different service classes. The analyses are...

Although mobile applications are an essential characteristic of wireless sensor networks, most existing media access control (MAC) protocols focus primarily on static networks. In these protocols, fixed periodic neighbor discovery and schedule updating used to connect synchronize neighbors provide successful data transmission; however, they cannot adapt speed variation degrade the network performance dramatically. this paper, we propose a mobile-supporting mechanism for MAC in which decision...

TCP congestion control has been developed on the assumption that in network to be only cause for packet loss. Thus, it drops its transmit window upon detecting a In presence of high error rates and intermittent connective characteristic wireless link, these results an unnecessary reduction link bandwidth utilization losses are not mainly due congestion. This paper provides effective way improve performance mobile networks. As routers will still have rely as indications congestion, we propose...

True colour vision requires comparing the responses of different spectral classes photoreceptors. In insects, there is a wealth data available on physiology photoreceptors and colour-dependent behaviour, but less known about neural mechanisms that link two. The information in bees indicates diversity opponent neurons visual optic ganglia significantly exceeds humans other primates. Here, we present simple mathematical model for processing lobes to explore how this might arise. We found can...