Laboratory experiments conducted for long time on stream (TOS: 14,350 h) provide information Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) that is representative of scales industrial operations. Operation conditions deliver desirable conversion and product distribution were investigated. Low gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) gave the highest 20.97% with C5+ selectivity achieved was 59.77%, which obtained at GHSV level. A one-way ANOVA, followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni correction test, indicated...

This paper investigates the oxidative regeneration of iron-based catalysts during low-pressure Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), where were operated for more than 13000 h time on stream (TOS). An iron catalyst was loaded into three separate fixed-bed reactors and then reduced using different reducing agents, namely, syngas (Reac-Syn), hydrogen (Reac-H2), carbon monoxide (Reac-CO). Thereafter, conditions changed so that FTS carried out over catalysts. The temperature, gas flow rate, operating...

An alternative way of predicting phase evolution iron-based Fischer Tropsch synthesis catalysts during activation.

A fundamental understanding of the precise reduction reaction pathway cobalt-based catalysts is a crucial piece knowledge in terms Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) reaction. The use hydrogen (H2) as agent results two-stage cobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4) to oxide (CoO) and then metallic Co. objective present work apply Thermodynamic Attainable Region (TAR) catalyst using H2 so gain better insight regarding thermodynamics TAR space diagrams suggest that complete Co3O4 feasible through two pathways....

A natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) that is mined in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, was evaluated for the removal of Ni2+ from wastewater. In particular, effect modification on synthetic wastewater investigated. The clinoptilolite pretreated with 2 M metal chlorides 24 h to yield near homoionic Na+, K+ and Ca2+ forms. comparison isotherms Na+-Ni2+, K+-Ni2+, Ca2+-Ni2+ natural-Ni2+ systems gave insight into how displaced ion affects selectivity Ni2+. forms show highly selective convex whereas...

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which gas (H2 + CO) converted to clean fuels and chemicals. In addition the classical Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) model, two new models, namely, Yao Lu are presented show FTS product distribution using experimental data obtained three fixed-bed reactors [each loaded with 1 g of same iron-based catalyst reduced syngas (CO/H2), H2, CO] over wide range conditions. first approach, we plotted P(n 1)/O(n 1) versus Pn/On carbon...

Modelling biomass to liquid via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) system allows researchers investigate most efficient parameters while running under optimal conditions. As part of design experiments (DOE) procedure, a special data simulation method based on response surface methodology (RSM) is utilized thoroughly analyse impact operating circumstances. The objective this study was examine factors that affect production C1, C2–C4, and C5+ in FTS process, then optimize critical utilising...

The reduction pathway of Co catalysts supported on untreated SiO2 along with two pretreated support materials was investigated. In situ XRD studies clearly showed the likely pathways cobalt oxides SiO2, ethylene glycol and annealing supports. Ethylene SiO2-supported (Co/E–SiO2) catalyst smaller metal crystallites, highly dispersed high Co(hcp)/Co(fcc) ratio because percentage non-H-bonded silanols; however, silanols created a strong Co-SiO2 interaction which caused low degree CoO resulting...

Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) serves as a precursor for the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products when not adequately removed by conventional water treatment processes. The degradation NOM heterogeneous Fenton processes is particularly attractive because it results in prospects zero sludge discharge. This work reports on and adsorption via process using phytogenic zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) synthesised from green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) supported...

In the past, Fischer–Tropsch (FT) coal/biomass-to-liquids projects have required a significant initial investment. The high price of catalysts used is one area where costs could be reduced. This research explored possibility using clinoptilolite as catalyst to reduce without sacrificing performance. as-received was ground and sieved yield different size classes. For this study, three classes were investigated support for an FT catalyst: −75 +53 μm; −53 +38 less than 25 μm. Using fixed bed...

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of charge charge-enhanced dry impregnation (CEDI) method on a ceria-supported nickel-based catalyst (10Ni/CeO 2 ) used to produce synthesis (syngas) under biogas reforming conditions. The CEDI was enhance electrostatic adsorption nickel precursor onto ceria support during (DI), hence impregnation. other (labelled 10Ni/CeO -DI) prepared by commonly DI and as reference catalyst. catalysts were then tested for stability catalytic...

One of the challenges in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is high reduction temperatures, which cause sintering and formation silicates. These lead to pore blockages coverage active metals, particularly conventional catalyst promotion. To address challenge, this article investigates effects preparation method, specifically inverse promotion SiO2-supported Co catalysts with manganese (Mn), their H2 for FTS. The were prepared using stepwise incipient wetness impregnation a cobalt nitrate...