In Europe, two commercially important treelike birch species occur naturally: silver (Betula pendula Roth) and downy pubescens Ehrh.). Both have a wide natural distribution area on the Eurasian continent, ranging from Atlantic to eastern Siberia. Although birches throughout almost whole of most abundant resources are in temperate boreal forests Northern Europe. Baltic Nordic countries, proportion out total volume growing stock varies between 11 28 per cent. is broadleaved tree species....

A number of environmental cues including short day photoperiod (SD) and low temperature (LT) are known to interact in triggering growth cessation, cold acclimation other adaptive responses temperate‐zone tree species. Proper timing these is particularly important for survival trees the boreal subarctic regions. Therefore, we used a northern species, silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth) as an experimental model investigate effect SD LT on development freezing tolerance levels endogenous...

The overwintering of trees in northern areas depends on processes regulated by photoperiod and temperature. To identify the physiological genetic factors involved this environmental control, three latitudinal ecotypes pubescent birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) growing a common garden experiment were used. Each ecotype responded to shortening according its specific critical daylength, resulting induction freezing tolerance dehydration buds first ecotype, followed central southern ecotypes,...

The timing of bud development in ecodormancy is critical for trees boreal and temperate regions with seasonally alternating climates. vegetative buds the growth primordial shoots (the shoot ratio) Norway spruce were followed by naked eye at stereo light microscopic levels fresh-cut fixed obtained regular field samplings during spring 2007, 2008 2009. Buds collected from 15 randomly selected (all 16 years old 2007) one southern Finnish half-sib family. air temperature was recorded hourly...

The timing of budburst temperate trees is known to be controlled by complicated interactions temperature and photoperiod. To improve the phenological models budburst, better knowledge internal bud development preceding in relation environmental cues needed. We studied effect accumulated chilling forcing temperatures on vegetative buds Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Branches from 17-year-old southern Finnish origin were transferred eight times at 1- 2-week intervals October December...

We studied the effects of seed origin and sowing time on height development timing growth cessation first-year silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings in a greenhouse experiment. Seeds seven origins ranging latitudes from 58° to 67° N were sown at 1–2-week intervals eight times May 21 July 30, 2001. The day/night temperature was set 20/10 °C, but lighting natural day length varied accordingly. Seedling measured twice week. interaction term between date significant, pattern depended...

Earlier studies have shown that the bark of Salix L. species (Salicaceae family) is rich in extractives, such as diverse bioactive phenolic compounds. However, we lack knowledge on properties willow and clones adapted to harsh climate conditions cool temperate zone. Therefore, present study aimed obtain information functional profiles northern for use value-added solutions. Of 16 studied here, 12 were examples widely distributed native Finnish species, including dark-leaved (S. myrsinifolia...

We investigated interrelations of dormancy and freezing tolerance the role endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in development silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) ecotypes controlled environments. Short-day treatment induced growth cessation, bud set development, as well initiation cold acclimation an increase tolerance. Subsequent low temperature short days (12-h photoperiod) resulted a significant tolerance, whereas was gradually released. The concentration ABA increased response to then remained...

The first genetic linkage map for silver birch, Betula pendula Roth, was constructed by using a pseudo-testcross mapping strategy and integration of data from 3 unrelated 2-generation pedigrees. is based on the inheritance segregation 82 amplified fragment length polyhmorphisms 19 microsatellite markers, simultaneously comparing performance CRI-MAP OUTMAP packages. analysis revealed 16 groups, total coverage 1561 cM (Kosambi units). Average distance between adjacent markers 15.5 cM. Linkage...

We studied the light and stereomicroscopic structure of developing vegetative buds from a 16-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] southern Finnish origin in relation to temperature sum externally visible changes before during bud burst forcing conditions. Branches were collected on 17 January transferred greenhouse where they first subjected preforcing conditions (darkness, +4 °C) for 7 days then (day length 12 h, +20 °C). Buds sampled 20 times between 13 February. Air was...

We studied the variation in critical night length for bud set two photoperiodic ecotypes (two latitudinally distant stands) of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) three phytotron experiments. Seeds from 21 open-pollinated mother trees a southern (Tuusula, 60° N) and northern (Kittilä, 67° Finnish stand were germinated grown 4 weeks 24-h photoperiod greenhouse then moved to different treatments at 18 °C 6 weeks. Night lengths 5 8.5 h used origin seedlings 1 4.5 seedlings. At end treatments,...

This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of dominant height growth and develop site index models for clonal hybrid aspen plantations in southern Finland. Data were obtained from repeatedly measured trials with varying initial spacing: 2.5 m × (1600 trees ha−1), 3.0 (1200 3.5 (800 5.0 (400 ha−1). The total number data points analysis 389 age 3–20. Within range observed data, grew linearly over significantly different due planting density; higher when denser. Using density...

<ja:p>Micropropagated and seed-born silver birches (Betula pendula Roth) were compared for survival, height growth occurrence of biotic damage (voles, hares, mooses, stem lesions cankers) in field trials southern Finland. The material consisted 11 clones 10 different lots seedlings growing trials, established clear-cut forest cultivation areas. plants 6–7 years old. micropropagated types did not significantly differ from each other as regards frequencies caused by agents. Large significant...

<ja:p>Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seed origins from the Baltic countries, Finland and Russia were compared for survival, growth stem quality, effect of latitudinal transfer distance examined in two provenance trials. The trials located on moist upland forest soils at Tuusula (60°21’N) southern Viitasaari (63°11’N) central Finland. material consisted 21 stand single tree ranging latitudes 54° to 63°N. Survival, height, dbh, relative taper, volume/ha proportion trees with a...

Novel bioeconomic approaches call for increasingly faster production of lignocellulosic biomass and its better-tailored use higher added value. The high-yield capacity structural properties willows (Salix spp.) suggest their excellent potential the designed biochar in agronomic, electronic technical applications. All these applications rely on internal pore structure biochar. However, we lack an in-depth quantitative understanding interlinkages between feedstock physical quality produced. We...

Abstract Studies addressing endodormancy release in adult trees are usually carried out using twigs detached from the experiments. Potential problems caused by cutting root–shoot connection when detaching can be avoided grafts as experimental material. We studied effects of chilling on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) where 16-, 32- and 80-year-old were used scions. The first exposed to natural conditions then samples them transferred at intervals a regrowth test forcing greenhouse....

Vegetatively propagated hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) is one of the fastest growing tree species in Finland. To study clonal variation element concentrations wood, bark and branches, amount elements bound above-ground biomass, seven clones were selected from a field trial Southern Finland, when trees 13 years old. Significant differences growth allocation biomass stem branches found. On average, consisted 56% 10% 34% branches. The clone with highest total production also...

Recurring viral outbreaks have a significant negative impact on society. This creates need to develop novel strategies complement the existing antiviral approaches. There is for safe and sustainable solutions derived from nature. study aimed investigate potential of willow (Salix spp.) bark hot water extracts against coronaviruses enteroviruses. Willow has long been recognized its medicinal properties used in traditional medicines. However, as broad-spectrum agent remains relatively...

Even though individuals with a deviant morphology have been elemental in genetics of model species, they thus far largely ignored the studies forest trees. Here we studied inheritance curly-grained and brown-figured wood phenotype curly birch (Betula pendula var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti). In addition figured wood, birches display reduced aberrant growth, indicating that causative locus (loci) is (are) vital for normal tree development. To explore genetic basis this mutation, progeny...

Net photosynthetic rates (A) of leaves in upper and lower crown layers (A(upper) A(lower)), leaf area index (LAI), mean tilt angle (MTA), several characteristics, volume growth were observed fast- slow-growing families a 14-year-old full-sib half-sib family progeny test Betula pendula Roth. Each measure net rate was calculated after correcting measured photosynthesis for the effects environmental variables. The differences A(upper) LAI among significant. proportions total variance assigned...