This paper addresses a new threat to the security of integrated circuits (ICs) used in safety critical, and military systems. The migration IC fabrication low-cost foundries has made ICs vulnerable malicious alterations, that could, under specific conditions, result functional changes and/or catastrophic failure system which they are embedded. We refer such alternations inclusions as Hardware Trojans. modification(s) introduced by Trojan depends on application, with some designed disable or...

Fabless semiconductor industry and government agencies have raised serious concerns about tampering with inserting hardware Trojans in an integrated circuit supply chain recent years. Most of the recently proposed Trojan detection methods are based on activation to observe either a faulty output or measurable abnormality side-channel signals. Time activate is major concern from authentication standpoint. This paper analyzes time generate transition functional Trojans. Transition modeled by...

This paper addresses a new threat to the security of integrated circuits (ICs). The migration IC fabrication untrusted foundries has made ICs vulnerable malicious alterations, that could, under specific conditions, result infunctional changes and/or catastrophic failure system in which they are embedded. Such alternations and inclusions referred as Hardware Trojans. In this paper, we propose current integration methodology observe Trojan activity circuit localized analysis approach isolate...

Traditionally, the only standard method of testing that has consistently provided high fault coverage been scan test due to controllability and observability this technique provides. The chains used in not allow engineers control observe a chip, but these properties also architecture be as means breach chip security. In paper, we propose technique, called Lock & Key, neutralize potential for scan-based side-channel attacks. It is very difficult implement an all inclusive security strategy,...

Trust in reference to integrated circuits addresses the concern that design and/or fabrication of IC may be purposely altered by an adversary. The insertion a hardware Trojan involves deliberate and malicious change adds or removes functionality reduces its reliability. Trojans are designed disable destroy at some future time they serve leak confidential information covertly cleverly hidden adversary make it extremely difficult for chip validation processes, such as manufacturing test,...

Hardware Trojans have emerged as a new threat to the security and trust of computing systems. are deliberate malicious modifications logic function implemented within digital mixed signal chips. In contrast software Trojans, it is not possible simply "scan hard drive" eradicate hardware Trojan. can be designed shutdown chip at some predetermined time and/or when specific or data pattern received. They may also remain hidden while leaking confidential information covertly adversary....

Hardware Trojans in integrated circuits and systems have become serious concern to fabless semiconductor industry government agencies recent years. Most of the previously proposed Trojan detection methods rely on activation either observe a faulty output or measure side-channel signals such as transient current charge. From authentication stand point, time trigger hardware circuit is major concern. This paper analyzes (i) generate transition functional (ii) fully activate them. An efficient...

With the increasing disintegration of design and manufacturing chain our microelectronic products, we should not only worry about including unintentional, unwanted hardware features (“bugs”), but also intentional malicious features: “Trojan Horses,”which act as spies or terrorists. This article provides an overview Trojans countermeasures.

Chip design and fabrication is becoming increasingly vulnerable to malicious activities alternations with globalization. An adversary can introduce a Trojan designed disable and/or destroy system at some future time (Time Bomb) or the may serve leak confidential information covertly adversary. This paper proposes taxonomy for classification then describes statistical approach detecting hardware Trojans that based on analysis of an ICs power supply transient signals. A key component improving...

Trust in reference to integrated circuits addresses the concern that design and/or fabrication of circuit (IC) may be purposely altered by an adversary. The insertion a hardware Trojan involves deliberate and malicious change IC adds or removes functionality reduces its reliability. Trojans are designed disable destroy at some future time they serve leak confidential information covertly can cleverly hidden adversary make it extremely difficult for chip validation processes, such as...

Chip design and fabrication is becoming increasingly vulnerable to malicious activities alternations with globalization. An adversary can introduce a Trojan designed disable and/or destroy system at some future time (Time Bomb) or the may serve leak confidential information covertly adversary. This paper proposes taxonomy for classification then describes statistical approach detecting hardware Trojans that based on analysis of an ICs power supply transient signals. A key component improving...

We present a test structure for statistical characterization of local device mismatches. The contains densely populated SRAM devices arranged in an addressable manner. Measurements on chip fabricated advanced 65 nm process show little spatial correlation. vary the nominal threshold voltage by changing threshold-adjust implantations and observe that ratio standard deviation to mean gets worse with scaling. large variations observed extracted statistics indicate random doping fluctuation is...

For hardware security applications, the availability of secret keys is a critical component for secure activation, IC authentication and other important applications including encryption communication channels IP protection in FPGAs. The vulnerabilities conventional derived from digital data can be mitigated if are instead inherent statistical manufacturing variations IC. Robust silicon-derived implemented using physically unclonable functions (PUFs). A PUF consists specialized circuit...

Decision tree classification (DTC) is a widely used technique in data mining algorithms known for its high accuracy forecasting. As technology has progressed and available storage capacity modern computers increased, the amount of to be processed also increased substantially, resulting much slower induction times. Many parallel implementations DTC have already addressed issues reliability process. In process, larger amounts require proportionately more execution time, thus hindering...

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a composition of independently interacting components, including computational elements, communications and control systems. Applications CPS institute at different levels integration, ranging from nation-wide power grids, to medium scale, such as the smart home, small e.g. ubiquitous health care systems implantable medical devices. Cyber-physical primarily transmute how we interact with physical world, each requiring security based on sensitivity information...

In the context of hardware systems, authentication refers to process confirming identity and authenticity chip, board system components such as RFID tags, smart cards remote sensors. The ability physical unclonable functions (PUF) provide bitstrings unique each component can be leveraged an mechanism detect tamper, impersonation substitution components. However, requires a strong PUF, i.e., one capable producing large, set bits per device, and, unlike secret key generation for encryption,...

Scan designs used for testing also provide an easily accessible port hacking. In this paper, we present a new low-cost secure scan design that is effective against scan-based side-channel attacks. By integrating test key into vectors are scanned the chip, and accessing chains guaranteed to be allowed only by authorized user. Any attempt use chain without verified vector will result in randomized output preventing potential The proposed technique has negligible area overhead, no negative...

Scan test has been a common and useful method for testing VLSI designs due to the high controllability observability it provides. These same properties have recently shown also be security threat intellectual property on chip (Yang et al., 2004). In order defend from scan based attacks, we present lock & key technique. Our proposed technique provides while not negatively impacting design's fault coverage. This requires only that small area overhead penalty is incurred significant return in...

This paper describes an authentication protocol using a Hardware-Embedded Delay PUF called HELP. HELP derives randomness from within-die path delay variations that occur along the paths within hardware implementation of cryptographic primitive, such as AES or SHA-3. The digitized timing values which represent delays are stored in database on secure server (verifier) alternative to storing response bitstrings. enables development efficient provides both privacy and mutual authentication....

In this paper, we propose hardware based secure and trusted communication over CAN bus in the intra vehicle network connecting electronic Control Units (ECUs). is an insecure channel, resource constraint devices that have limited resources to devote for data security real-time requirements meet safety critical design specifications. We a framework implements lightweight PUF mutual authentication encryption channel. The paper discusses implementation details along with utilization performance...

Electronic money or e-Cash is becoming increasingly popular as the preferred strategy for making purchases, both on and offline. Several unique attributes of are appealing to customers, including convenience always having "cash-on-hand" without need periodically visit ATM, ability perform peer-to-peer transactions an intermediary, peace mind associated in conducting those privately. Equally important that paper provides customers with anonymous method payment, which highly valued by many...

Fail-safe computing refers to systems that revert a non-operational safe state when fault occurs. In this paper, we investigate circuit level technique as mitigation for single event upsets (SEUs) and injection attacks on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), analyze the effectiveness of fail-safe monitor an encryption algorithm. The propagation effects through FPGA primitives including lookup tables (LUTs) interconnect points (PIPs) is assessed within architecture created using open...

Malicious activities and alterations to integrated circuits have raised serious concerns government agencies the semiconductor industry. The added functionality, known as hardware Trojan, poses major detection isolation challenges. In this paper, we present a method localize design switching any specific region independent from test patterns. new architecture allows activating target keeping others quiet which reduces total circuit activity. This helps magnify Trojan's contribution transient...

New validation methods are needed for ensuring integrated circuit (IC) Trust, and in particular detecting hardware Trojans. In this paper, we investigate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements Trojans by conducting ring oscillator (RO) experiments on a set of V2Pro FPGAs. The ROs enable high degree control over switching activity FPGAs while simultaneously permitting subtle delay transient power supply anomalies to be introduced through simple modifications RO logic structure. Power...