Influenza virus is an important RNA causing pandemics (Spanish Flu (1918), Asian (1957), Hong Kong (1968) and Swine (2009)) over the last decades. Due to spontaneous mutations of these viral proteins, currently available antiviral anti-influenza drugs quickly develop resistance. To account this, only limited antiinfluenza have been approved for therapeutic use. These include amantadine rimantadine (M2 proton channel blockers), zanamivir, oseltamivir peramivir (neuraminidase inhibitors),...

The main objective of the present study is to improve immune power Cyprinus carpio by using Euphorbia hirta plant leaf extract as immunostimulants. haematological, immunological and enzymatic studies were conducted on medicated fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila pathogen. results obtained from haematological show that RBC count, WBC count haemoglobin content increased in at higher concentration extract. feeds able stimulate specific response increasing titre value antibody. It was...

Context: Aquatic organisms (especially fish) require potent defense mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogen invasion and disease formation. The use of immunostimulants in fish culture can prevent the diseases through augmentation both specific non-specific immunity.Objective: A study was conducted investigate efficacy different dietary doses Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae) leaf extract for immune response resistance freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio Linn. (Cyprinidae)...

Infectious diseases are one of the major factors affecting production fish worldwide. The pathogens (especially bacteria) affect immune system and administration immunostimulants can increase resistance to infectious by enhancing both specific nonspecific defense mechanisms.In present study, we have conducted an experiment on pathogen-infected Cyprinus carpio Linn. (Cyprinidae), using Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) plant leaves as immunostimulants.The aqueous extract was prepared...

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) found in diverse variety of animals including puffer fishes, some newts, frogs and limited number non-vertebrate species (6 different phyla). The saxitoxin (STX) the TTX are small molecules composed 7,8,9 guanidinium 1,2,3 groups, respectively their structures. These groups provide positive charge to believed interact with negatively charged Glu755 Asp400 residues domain II I sodium channel strongly. pharmacokinetic studies (absorption, distribution accumulation) reported...

Context: The production of fish is limited by infectious diseases; when a grows in an immunosuppressed condition, it becomes highly susceptible to disease.Objective: present research work investigates immunomodulatory action Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae) Catla catla Hamilton (Cyprinidae) for enhancing immune protection the against bacterial infections.Material and methods: Doses 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 30 g aqueous plant leaf extract/kg feed were administered orally freshwater...

The present work is aimed to study the kinetics and effects of ultrasonication on physiochemical, microbial sensory properties grape juice during storage periods 90 days.The main objective increase shelf life but without adding any chemical preservative.The was ultrasonicated at room temperature various time intervals 5,10,15,20 30 minutes determine pH, TSS, Titratable acidity, Ascorbic acid, Reducing sugar, Microbial load, Sensory Properties periods.It observed that optimum treatment for 20...

We report here the genome sequences of six Vibrio strains isolated from an Atlantic intertidal marine sponge, Ophlitaspongia papilla . Genome mining and comparative genomics will assist in deciphering bioactive potential symbiotic microbes molecular mechanisms sponge-microbial symbioses.