Numerous energy efficiency and carbon reduction technologies have been identified within the shipping sector but their overall implementation remains unknown. It is important to know in order establish a credible baseline evaluate progress towards low shipping. Using cross-sectional survey of shipowners operators this paper attempts gauge over thirty CO2 emission technologies. The results show that whilst there good spread across different measures, only select number measures each...

Energy efficiency is a key policy strategy to meet some of the challenges being faced today and plan for sustainable future. Numerous empirical studies in various sectors suggest that there are cost-effective measures available but not always implemented due existence barriers energy efficiency. Several efficient options (technologies new existing ships operations) have also been identified improving ships. This paper one first empirically investigate shipping industry using novel framework...

The abatement potential of wind technologies on ships is estimated to be around 10–60% by various sources. To date there has been minimal uptake this promising technology, despite a number commercially available solutions that have developed harness free and abundant energy source. Several barriers referred in the literature inhibit efficiency measures shipping. This paper provides systematic analysis viability technology their implementation, both from perspective providers users (ship...

Energy costs represent around 60–70% of operating a ship and with the fuel price soaring to record levels, energy efficiency has become top priority for many shipping companies. Numerous cost-effective efficient options (technologies new existing ships operations) have been identified improving ships. Analysis from industry leading experts recognised bodies so far shown substantial unrealised abatement potential using that often appear be cost-negative at current prices. Apart shortcomings...

Abstract The impact of aerosols on cloud properties is one the leading uncertainties in human forcing climate. Ships are large, isolated sources aerosol creating linear formations known as shiptracks. These an ideal opportunity to identify and measure aerosol‐cloud interactions. This work uses over 17,000 shiptracks during implementation fuel sulfur content regulations demonstrate central role sulfate ship exhaust for modifying clouds. By connecting individual transponder data, it shown that...

The Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016, sets the ambitious climate change mitigation goal of limiting global temperature increase to below 2°C and ideally 1.5°C. This puts a severe constraint on remaining GHG emissions budget. While international shipping is also contributor anthropogenic emissions, CO2 particular, it not included Agreement. article discusses how share budget over twenty-first century could be apportioned shipping, and, using range future trade scenarios,...

Abstract. The response of cloud processes to an aerosol perturbation is one the largest uncertainties in anthropogenic forcing climate. It occurs at a variety timescales, from near-instantaneous Twomey effect longer timescales required for adjustments. Understanding temporal evolution properties following necessary interpret results so-called “natural experiments” known source such as ship or industrial site. This work uses reanalysis wind fields and emission information matched observations...

We provide an in-depth review of the extant literature on impact a maritime carbon pricing measure might have transport costs. First, we analyse relative importance determinants costs for trade and economic development, secondly assess transmission channels effects price argue that introduction has limited total average country. However, Small Island Developing States Least Developed Countries are more likely to be negatively impacted by such in terms as novel evidence relationship between...

This paper presents the first analysis on how financial savings arising from energy efficient ships are allocated between owners and those hiring ships. as an important undertaking allocation of is expected to have impact incentives faced by ship invest in more vessels. We focus dry bulk Panamax segment it contributes around 50 Mt (5%) total CO2 emissions shipping 2007 therefore its importance terms environmental should not be neglected. The time charter market represents a classical example...

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced in April 2018 a target of cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the sector by 50 percent below 2008 levels 2050 and subsequent meetings IMO will develop strategy for making headway on this commitment. This paper seeks to inform dialogue about possibility carbon tax as key element GHG mitigation policy international maritime transport. discusses case over alternative instruments, options practical design issues, then presents...

This paper addresses the evolution of maritime transport demand in response to global climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The complexity shipping system makes predicting volumes patterns long-term future international trade a challenging task which is best explored by building scenarios rather than 'precise' forecasts. We present four contrasting out 2050, available high resolution terms dimensions studied (regions, countries, commodities, decades), are consistent with low...

This paper presents the first analysis of how split incentive market failure affects implementation energy efficiency technologies in maritime transport sector. In transport, incentives occur due to different types charter (resulting divided responsibility for fuel costs) existing between shipowners and charterers. The uses a robust rigorous framework methods operationalise concept cross-sectional survey 275 shipowners, representing around 25% (6000 ships) target population, resulting most...

The International Maritime Organization has pledged to reduce carbon emissions from the shipping industry by at least 50 percent below 2008 levels midcentury. next step is design a strategy for implementing this commitment. A levy international maritime fuel critical component of because it provides across-the-board incentives near-term mitigation, robust price signal that ultimately needed deploying zero-emission vessels (ZEVs), and funding R & D infrastructure investment ZEVs. This article...

This article examines private standards that aim to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in shipping. These have emerged against a backdrop of regulatory inertia and the exclusion international shipping from Paris Climate Change Agreement. They are product complex governance arrangements they addressed areas market failure held back fuel efficiency advances made possible by technological innovations. hold considerable promise but suffer different degrees certain weaknesses, notably lack...

Abstract. The assessment of aerosol-cloud interactions remains a major source uncertainty in understanding climate change, partly due to the difficulty making accurate observations aerosol impacts on clouds. Ships can release large numbers aerosols that serve as cloud condensation nuclei, which create artificially brightened clouds known ship tracks. These emissions offer "natural'', or "opportunistic'', experiment explore effects while disentangling meteorological influences. Utilising...

Background: A ship's energy efficiency can be improved and carbon emissions reduced using technology. Operational changes also used, for example, a reduction in ship speed. Both such interventions have consequences the commercial operation. Results: This paper presents theoretical modeling framework that used to examine technical economic interaction simulate what might commercially optimum foreseeable future scenarios. The results suggest operation maximize owner's profits negates benefit...