It is clear that a premium will continue to be placed on energy efficiency in motors. The circumstances around global warming and the availability of future oil supplies only increase focus electric motors as key elements efficient utilization resources. PMs offer an important tool quest for cost-effective ways further motor efficiencies. characteristics PM are sufficiently distinct from induction users need understand their operation ensure successful applications. nonsalient rotor...

Common methods used to start AC induction motors driving high-inertia loads include across-the-line starting and reduced-voltage by autotransformer, wye-delta, or resistor/reactor. Application of these is generally well documented understood. However, with the increased use electronic soft starters variable-frequency drives, applications can be markedly different. This paper reviews aforementioned explains benefits limitations each. The effect on both acceleration time motor heating...

Globally, electric motors are the single biggest converters of electrical energy, accounting for an estimated 45 % world's electricity usage. Even as world transitions to more sustainable energy sources, global consumption is anticipated increase. Improving efficiency integral part reducing total usage, though it only makes up one portion a motor's sustainability footprint. From sourcing raw materials used manufacture motor and their circularity greenhouse gases emitted during transportation...

The present and future market for motors places high value on power density, operating efficiency, reliability, variable speed operation low cost. Permanent magnet (PM) are now able to meet these expectations. Compared the prolific induction motor, PM provide attributes of efficiency plus have additional advantages higher density (power per mass or volume), superior factor (low current), rotor temperature, synchronous operation. Advancement in technologies allows at temperatures without...

Cooling towers are used in many process applications the petrochemical industry, so reliability of these is crucial. In cases, redundant need to be installed ensure that a will not have stopped due cooling tower failure. The most prevalent cause downtime failure right-angle gearbox or associated mechanical components, such as driveshaft disc couplings. elimination components can reduce losses drive system and offer possibility for improved overall efficiency. This article describes new...

The primary standard for low voltage, random wound, induction motors in North American countries is National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) MG 1-2011. In some other countries, the governing International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60034-1:2010. This paper compares performance, design and construction details of NEMA IEC three phase, wound alternating current (AC) motors. Not only are there obvious mechanical mounting dimensional differences, but practices electrical norms...

Efficiency improvements attainable with permanent magnet (PM) motors have been well documented. Some PM equipped an induction cage in the rotor to allow direct online (DOL) starting. Designs of this type referred as <;i>line-start (LSPM) motors<;/i>. A topic that has not received much attention is use motor adjustable-speed drive (ASD). This article introduces terminology caged-rotor (CRPM) describe can be used either DOL or ASD. The details several installations CRPM are discussed. Each...

Locked-rotor testing is a common end-of-the-line check performed on most motors used in the petrochemical industry. Despite its popularity as verification of rotor integrity and to confirm current draw torque produced at zero speed, there can be much ambiguity how test performed. This not required by National Electrical Manufactures Association Motors Generators Standard (NEMA MG1) or Institute Electronics Engineers 112 (IEEE 112). IEEE contains locked-rotor method, but variations results...

Globally, electric motors are the single biggest converters of electrical energy, accounting for an estimated 45 % world's electricity usage. Even as world transitions to more sustainable energy sources, global consumption is anticipated increase. Improving efficiency integral part reducing total usage, though it only makes up one portion a motor's sustainability footprint. From sourcing raw materials used manufacture motor and their circularity greenhouse gases emitted during transportation...

Electric motors represent a significant investment to companies in the petrochemical industry. Due large scope of many capital projects, it is not unusual for sit storage up two years before being placed into service. Further, common practice facility have spare critical processes that often unused periods time. Appropriate care operation crucial their successful commissioning and longevity. The proper maintenance stored topic little understood by This paper addresses best practices long...

Efficiency improvements attainable with permanent magnet motors have been well documented. Some equipped an induction cage in the rotor to allow direct on line starting. Designs of this type referred as start motors. A topic that has not received much attention is use motor adjustable speed drive. This paper introduces terminology Caged Rotor Permanent Magnet describe can be used either or Details several installations are discussed. Each case study documented from application selection,...

For many years, industry standards, including IEEE Standard 112, have characterized the component losses of three-phase induction motors as primary and secondary conductor or (I2R) core, friction windage, stray load loss (SLL). The definition each, epitomized by guarantees that part will be SLL. It also ensures I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> R underestimated core associated with field distortions resulting from current...

Determining the suitability of a medium-voltage motor which will be installed within hazardous location as outlined in IEEE 1349, powered by multi-level, voltage source, adjustable speed drive that is not isolated phase-shifting transformer requires two key items to investigated - thermal heating due current harmonics, and energy contained uncontrolled sparking from shaft ground. This paper reviews process was used for possible application with Class I, Division 2 environment, along...

Determining the suitability of a medium-voltage motor which will be installed within hazardous location as outlined in IEEE 1349, powered by multilevel, voltage source, adjustable speed drive that is not isolated phase-shifting transformer requires two key items to investigated: thermal heating due current harmonics, and energy contained uncontrolled sparking from shaft ground. This paper reviews process was used for possible application with Class I, Division 2 environment, along...

Electric motors represent a significant investment for companies in the petrochemical industry. Because of large scope several capital projects, it is not unusual to rest storage up two years before being placed into service. Furthermore, common practice have spare critical processes that often sit unused periods time. Appropriate care are operation crucial their successful commissioning and longevity. However, even most advanced users do know how properly storage. This article addresses...

The primary standard for low voltage, random wound, induction motors in North American countries is National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) MG 1-2011. In some other countries, the governing International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60034-1:2010. This paper compares performance, design and construction details of NEMA IEC three phase, wound alternating current (AC) motors. Not only are there obvious mechanical mounting dimensional differences, but practices electrical norms...

With increasing demand for higher efficiency, engineers are looking an alternative solution to replace induction motors (IMs) in many applications. One of the very promising topologies is permanent magnet (PM) motor with a squirrel cage on rotor, which referred as rotor PM this paper. Based literature survey, have been studied and compared IMs direct on-line Some studies also investigated performance line start (LSPMs) using conventional VSD by comparing it IM same VSD. The comparative...

There are characteristics of permanent magnet (PM) motors, both by design and application, that create new challenges in certifying for oil gas environments. To date, certifications motors being handled on a case basis. This paper will identify areas the standards require additional clarification or assumptions when applying PM motors.

Cooling towers are used in many process applications the petrochemical industry. Reliability of these is crucial. In cases, redundant installed to ensure a will not have be stopped due cooling tower failure. The most prevalent cause downtime failure right angle gearbox or associated mechanical components, such as driveshaft disc couplings. Further, elimination components reduces losses drive system and offers possibility for improved overall efficiency. This paper describes new developments...

Industry standards, including IEEE 112, have for many years characterized the component losses of three-phase induction motors as primary and secondary I2R, core, friction windage, stray load loss. The definitions each losses, epitomized in guarantee that a significant part will be It also guarantees I2R loss underestimated core associated with field distortions due to current are not properly identified. This paper discusses issues existing test standard models describe model methods better...

Motor stator winding temperature rise limits and test requirements are established by industry standards, customer specifications or the materials used in insulation system. NEMA, IEC, CSA standards describe how is measured based on certain criteria, such as rating frame size of motor. This paper details differences these tested motor varies depending standard being used. The value embedded detectors placed slot investigated compared to results from thermal stabilization tests where...

Three-phase, line start permanent magnet motors (LSPMMs) are attractive candidates to significantly reduce the energy costs associated with that do not require adjustable-speed operation. In their present state, LSPMMs cannot moment-of-inertia (inertia) loads equal those specified in National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA) MG1 for general-purpose induction motors. The inertia values NEMA SM1 15 32 times lower than mandated by motor standard MG1. should comply starting current...

Locked-rotor testing is a common end-of-the-line check performed on most motors used in the petrochemical industry. Despite its popularity as verification of rotor integrity and to confirm current draw torque produced at zero speed, there can be much ambiguity how test performed. This not required by National Electrical Manufactures Association Motors Generators standard (NEMA MG1) or Institute Electronics Engineers Standard 112 (IEEE 112). IEEE contains locked-rotor method, but variations...

There are characteristics of permanent magnet (PM) motors, both by design and application, that create new challenges in certifying for oil gas environments. To date, certifications PM motors being handled on a case-by-case basis. This paper will identify areas the standards require additional clarification or assumptions when applying motors.