Syntrophins are cytoplasmic peripheral membrane proteins of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). Three syntrophin isoforms, alpha1, beta1, and beta2, encoded by distinct genes. Each contains two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, a syntrophin-unique (SU) domain, PDZ domain. The name comes from first three found to contain repeats this domain (PSD-95, Drosophila discs large protein, zona occludens 1). domains in other bind C termini ion channels neurotransmitter receptors...

Retinal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived (PEDF), an angiogenic inhibitor, were measured correlated with the ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization in rats. The retinas showed a 5-fold increase VEGF while 2-fold decrease PEDF, compared to age-matched controls, resulting increased VEGF/PEDF ratio. time course ratio change progression neovascularization. Changes PEDF mRNAs preceded their protein level changes. These results suggest that...

When brain proteins separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose are probe with 125I-labeled laminin, a single broad band of approximately 120 kDa binds laminin specifically. We show here two-dimensional protein microsequencing that this consists two distinct laminin-binding proteins. One these is the amyloid precursor protein. The other, (LBP) 120, closely related dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, dystroglycan (156 kDa); 5 peptides from...

Abstract Dystroglycan is a core component of the dystrophin receptor complex in skeletal muscle which links extracellular matrix to cytoskeleton. Dystrophin, dystrophin‐related protein (DRP, utrophin) and dystroglycan are present not only muscles but also brain. Dystrophin expressed certain neuronal populations while DRP associated with perivascular astrocytes. To gain insights into function molecular interactions brain, we examined localization α‐and β‐dystroglycan at cellular subcellular...

We have previously shown that intravitreal injection of plasminogen kringle 5 (K5), a potent angiogenic inhibitor, inhibits ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization in rat model. Here we report K5 down-regulates an endogenous stimulator, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and up-regulates pigment epithelium-derived (PEDF) dose-dependent manner cells the retina. The regulation VEGF PEDF by retina correlates with its anti-angiogenic effect model retinopathy. Retinal RNA levels are...

Specific isoforms of laminin (LN) are concentrated at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) where they may participate in synaptic organization or function. In myotubes from C2 cells, LN is within the majority spontaneous acetylcholine receptor (AChR) aggregates. Neural agrin substantially increases this colocalization, suggesting that can recruit into AChR Addition to induces a more than twofold increase number These aggregates have larger size and dense those induced by agrin, involved growth...

Syntrophins are modular adapter proteins that link ion channels and signaling to dystrophin its homologues. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a human brain cDNA library using the PDZ domain γ1- syntrophin, recently identified brain-specific isoform, yielded overlapping clones encoding C terminus diacylglycerol kinase-ζ (DGK-ζ), an enzyme converts into phosphatidic acid. In biochemical assays, DGK-ζ, which contains consensus PDZ-binding motif, was found be necessary sufficient for association with...

Activation of Rac1 GTPase signaling is stimulated by phosphorylation and release RhoGDI the effector p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), but it unclear what initiates this potential feed-forward mechanism for regulation Rac activity. Phosphatidic acid (PA), which produced from lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) action DAG kinases (DGKs), known to activate PAK1. Here, we investigated whether PA DGKzeta activation. In DGKzeta-deficient fibroblasts PAK1 Rac1-RhoGDI dissociation were...

Syntrophins are scaffolding proteins that link signaling molecules to dystrophin and the cytoskeleton. We previously reported syntrophins interact with diacylglycerol kinase-ζ (DGK-ζ), which phosphorylates yield phosphatidic acid. Here, we show DGK-ζ form a complex in skeletal muscle whose translocation from cytosol plasma membrane is regulated by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of MARCKS domain. mutants do not bind were mislocalized, an activated mutant this sort induced atypical...

Abstract A sidewall treatment process is proposed to recover the external quantum efficiency (EQE) loss in AlGaInP micro-LEDs ( μ LEDs). The consists of thermal annealing, ammonium sulfide chemical treatment, and passivation using atomic-layer deposition (ALD). devices with show improved optical power more than 500% 190% at 5 100 cm −2 , respectively, compared ALD passivation. reduction EQE was 20% when shrinking device dimensions from × 20 m 2 . This work reveals that LEDs can be energy...

Syntrophins, a family of intracellular peripheral membrane proteins the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), each contain single PDZ domain. Syntrophin domains bind C-terminal peptide sequences with consensus R/K-E-S/T-<i>X</i>-V-COOH, an interaction that mediates association skeletal muscle sodium channels DAPC. Here, we have isolated cyclic ligands for syntrophin from library combinatorial peptides displayed at N terminus III bacteriophage M13. Affinity selection...

Syntrophins are scaffold proteins that regulate the subcellular localization of diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGK-zeta), an enzyme phosphorylates lipid second-messenger to yield phosphatidic acid. DGK-zeta and syntrophins abundantly expressed in neurons developing adult brain, but their function is unclear. Here, we show they present cell bodies, neurites, growth cones cultured cortical differentiated N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. Overexpression cells induced neurite formation presence serum,...

Syntrophins are scaffold proteins of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), which target ion channels, receptors, and signaling to specialized subcellular domains. A yeast two-hybrid screen a human brain cDNA library with PSD-95, Discs-large, ZO-1 (PDZ) domain gamma1-syntrophin yielded overlapping clones encoding C terminus TAPP1, pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing adapter protein that interacts specifically phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P(2)). In biochemical...

Abstract In this work, the optical efficiency of III-nitride blue micro-LEDs ( μ LEDs) ranged from 5 × to 60 m 2 with different sidewall treatments at low current density range was investigated. The results showed dielectric passivation using atomic layer deposition (ALD) has superior enhancement compared conventional RF sputtering, where most occurred range. Additionally, use ALD and chemical treatment offered significant improvement for sizes LEDs operating less than 1 A cm −2 devices...

Abstract Background Unraveling the signaling pathways responsible for establishment of a metastatic phenotype in carcinoma cells is critically important understanding pathology cancer. The acquisition cell motility key property tumor and prerequisite invasion. Rho GTPases regulate actin cytoskeleton reorganization cellular responses required Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), an enzyme that phosphorylates diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid, regulates activity Rac1 RhoA. DGKζ mRNA highly...

Abstract The fusion of mononuclear myoblasts into multinucleated myofibers is essential for the formation and growth skeletal muscle. Myoblast follows a well‐defined sequence cellular events, from initial recognition adhesion, to alignment, finally plasma membrane fusion. These processes depend upon coordinated remodeling actin cytoskeleton. Our recent studies suggest diacylglycerol kinase‐zeta (DGK‐ζ), an enzyme that metabolizes yield phosphatidic acid, plays important role in...

Abstract: α‐Dystroglycan (α‐DG) is part of a complex cell surface proteins linked to dystrophin or utrophin, which distributed over the myofiber and concentrated at neuromuscular junctions. In laminin overlays muscle extracts from developing chick hindlimb muscle, α‐DG first appears embryonic day (E) 10 with an apparent molecular mass 120 kDa. By E15 it replaced by smaller (∼100 kDa) larger (∼150 isoforms. The form increases in amount (&gt;200 as innervated postsynaptic membrane...

PDZ domains are modular protein-protein interaction that bind to specific C-terminal sequences of membrane proteins and/or other domains. Certain in PSD-95 and syntrophins interact with peptide ligands heterodimerize the extended nNOS domain. The capacity correlates presence a Lys residue carboxylate- binding loop these Here, we report substitution an Arg for Lys-165 PDZ2 disrupted its nNOS, but not C terminus Shaker-type K(+) channel Kv1.4. same mutation affected alpha1- beta1-syntrophin...

The large polarization barriers between the quantum wells and in long-wavelength GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) inhibit their performance by requiring excess driving voltages to reach standard operating current densities. Lateral injection of carriers directly into is required circumvent this issue. V-defects are naturally occurring inverted hexagonal defects with semipolar 101¯1-plane sidewalls generated on surface depressions from threading dislocations. LEDs engineered...