For stochastic Stackelberg differential games played by a leader and follower, there are several solution concepts in terms of the players' information sets. In this paper we derive maximum principle for leader's global under adapted closed-loop memoryless structure, where term signifies domination over entire game duration. As special cases, study linear quadratic both open-loop structures, as well resulting Riccati equations.

Adult stem cells that reside in adult tissues have been deemed to possess great potential for clinical application because of their capabilities self-renewal and differentiation. However, the limitations such as infection risks low isolation rate make search appropriate source be continued. Here, we demonstrate progenitors from human foreskin tissue samples, which fibroblast-like morphology could easily propagated more than 50 passages. These foreskin-derived stromal (FDSCs) expressed CD90,...

A pedestrian evacuation model is presented, in which the social force and a mathematical are incorporated. The capable of describing behavior realistically under non-panic situations. However, series catastrophes make us reasonably think about crowd dynamics stress panic. In order to forecast catastrophe point mood changes real emergency situation, proposed by considering residence time, density exit distance. This paper follows implementation system simulation modeling environment written...

(-)-Epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) is a polyphenolic compound similar to (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which abundant in green tea. Numerous workers have proposed that EGCG protects epidermal cells against UVB-induced damage. However, little has been known about whether ECG keratinocytes We decided investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of on Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Activation ERK1/2, p38 JNK analyzed Western blotting. Intracellular H2O2...

With the increasing energy consumption in Chinese mainline railways amid worldwide carbon emission concerns, need for energy-efficient locomotive operation becomes urgent. Locomotive is directly linked to speed limits imposed by train ahead through signaling. In China's railways, change frequently because of relatively short headways a highly congested network. Whenever limit changes, must be determined again quickly adapt new limit. As result, real-time optimization problem with...

Abstract High reliability is the crucial requirement in railway operation and a power supply system one of key components electrified railways. The cost-effectiveness maintenance works also concern operators while time window on trackside often limited. Maintenance scheduling thus essential to uphold reduce cost. It however difficult formulate optimal schedule meet both cost for as whole because its functional complexity demanding conditions. models achieve are proposed this study....

In this paper we characterize the feedback equilibrium of a general infinite-horizon Stackelberg--Nash differential game where roles players are mixed. By mixed mean that one player is leader on some decisions and follower other decisions. We prove verification theorem reduces task finding strategies in functional spaces to two simple steps: first solving static Nash games at Hamiltonian level nested version then associated system Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman equations. As an application, study...

Efficient calculation on passenger evacuation performances under emergencies is crucial to the planning, design, and operation of metro systems as it closely related safety human lives. Four methodologies including China CDM, NFPA 130, control volume, M/G/c/c models a multiagent‐based simulation approach are employed calculate time given number evacuees in different application backgrounds by investigating impact factors strategies well moving speed evacuees. The model also used identify...

An improved Moran's I method is proposed to describe the spatio temporal features of road traffic flow based on traditional I. The distribution classification status including homogenous congested and uncongested traffic, heterogeneous then given through Moran plotting graph. To verify applicability method, data along second ring-shape urban expressway in Beijing introduced for analysing evolution from global local autocorrelation using method.

Rising energy cost and environment‐friendly awareness make conservation a key issue for metro operation. Reducing traction consumption improving the utilisation of regenerative braking are two efficient solutions to conserve energy. Two optimisation models proposed in this study systems minimise by exploring energy‐efficient speed profile optimum timetable. An analytical formulation through finding suitable force coefficients driving regime‐switching points is developed investigate optimal...

Delays at bus stops have seriously affected the efficiency of operation and improvement level services public transportation greatly influenced preferences passengers to choose services. In this paper, analysis on arriving, dwell leaving process buses method calculate delays are proposed according survey data from three routes in Beijing. Statistical is then adopted respectively evaluate average times that docking curbside bay-style stops. Moreover, it noted different load factors...

Abstract In this article, we study one-dimensional backward stochastic differential equations with continuous coefficients. We show that if the generator f is uniformly in (y, z), respect to (t, ω), and terminal value ξ ∈L p (Ω, ℱ T , P) 1 < ≤ 2, equation has a unique L solution. Keywords: Backward solutionUniformly continuousMathematics Subject Classification: 60H1060H30 Research supported by NSFC under grant 10325101, Basic Program of China (973 Program) Grant No. 2007CB814904, Natural...

Metro system is one of the most important modes transportation to relieve traffic congestion. Passenger emergency evacuation in metro stations a key issue safety management due heavily overcrowded population and complexity underground spatial environment. This paper combines desired speed, visibility condition, some station facilities usage state, analyses passenger speed variation different cases, especially event fire. simulation scenarios Xizhimen Beijing are proposed further study...

Variable message signs (VMS) plays an important role in route guidance of drivers and release traffic congestion. Response to VMS is acquired stated preference (SP) investigation. Traffic demand estimated analyzed by Gravity choice models. Effects on delay are simulated through VISSIM software the case study Beijing.

Transfer efficiency in integrated transportation terminal is greatly important for both passengers and operational companies. In this paper, we proposed various criteria a hierarchy index system to evaluate the performance of transfer condition inside Beijing South Railway Station. To make assessment more scientific, assign weightings each them by weighting method. Then use an evaluation method, Multi-level Grey Evaluation, calculate indexes different modes station further compare ranking...